Progress
Progress shows your lattice, where every lesson, skill and case you work on lights a point, and what needs a refresh. It's kept on your account, and only you can see it.
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Level 1
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By department
- HematologyLevel 1
- Blood bankLevel 1
- ImmunologyLevel 1
- MicrobiologyLevel 1
- UrinalysisLevel 1
- ChemistryLevel 1
- CalculationsLevel 1
- Lab operationsLevel 1
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Today
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- Corrected WBC: right
- Critical value check: right
- Dilution factor: right
- Final concentration: right
- One QC point: right
- Volume conversion: right
Your lattice
Example
Each department's shape holds its lessons (ringed), skills (small points), station cases (diamonds) and workups (five-pointed). A point lights when you do what it stands for.
Every point, by department
Hematology52 of 88 lit
- Anemia Evaluation and Microcytic and Macrocytic Anemias: Not lit yet
- Benign Leukocyte Disorders and Reactive Blood Patterns: Not lit yet
- Differentials, Blood Film Morphology, Indices, Hemoglobin Methods, and Hematocrit: Solid
- Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis, and Erythrocyte Physiology: Not lit yet
- Hemolytic and Hypoproliferative Anemias, Erythrocytosis, and Hemoglobin Variants: Solid
- Hemolytic Indicators, Special Stains, Other Studies, and Flow Cytometry: Not lit yet
- Hemostasis Disease States and Laboratory Determinations: Not lit yet
- Hereditary Leukocyte Anomalies: Lit
- Lymphoid Neoplasia: Not lit yet
- Manual and Automated Cell Counts, Reticulocytes, and Body-Fluid Hematology: Solid
- Molecular Hematology and Coagulation Physiology: Not lit yet
- Myeloid Neoplasia: Not lit yet
- Qualitative Platelet Defects: Lit
- Quantitative Platelet Disorders: Solid
- Match hematopoietic growth factors to the lineages and stages they support: Learning
- Order erythroid precursors by stage from their nuclear and cytoplasmic features: Learning
- Trace how macrophages clear aged red cells and return their iron for reuse: New
- Predict the direction of a hemoglobin oxygen-affinity shift: Fading
- Classify an anemia pattern using MCV and RDW: Fading
- Judge whether the reticulocyte response is adequate for the anemia: Learning
- Explain how hepcidin gives low serum iron with normal or high ferritin in inflammation: Solid
- Recognize microcytosis with a preserved RBC count that needs hemoglobin fractionation: Solid
- Tell vitamin B12 from folate deficiency with methylmalonic acid and homocysteine: Solid
- Recognize a raised MCV caused by a high reticulocyte count: New
- Recognize hemolysis from haptoglobin, indirect bilirubin, LDH, and reticulocyte results: New
- Tell immune, fragmentation, and intrinsic hemolysis apart using the DAT and film: New
- Recognize when a normal G6PD result cannot exclude deficiency: Solid
- Choose between a repeat count, EPO, and JAK2 V617F for a raised hemoglobin: New
- Recognize the usual adult proportions and absolute counts of each white-cell type: Fading
- Keep nucleated red cells out of the white-cell differential denominator: New
- Recognize reactive neutrophilia from a left shift and toxic changes: Solid
- Recognize a heterogeneous reactive lymphocyte population: Solid
- Recognize a vitamin B12 deficiency pattern from the CBC, film, and B12 result: Solid
- Recognize iron deficiency on iron studies, including when ferritin is not low: Solid
- Report a CBC and film as compatible with a disorder until confirming tests are done: Learning
- Recognize a broad myeloid maturation spectrum in a CML-compatible pattern: Solid
- Identify the genetic finding that establishes CML: New
- Assign a CML phase from blast and basophil percentages under WHO5 or ICC: New
- Recognize myeloblasts and Auer rods that call for an acute myeloid leukemia workup: Learning
- Name the cytogenetic and molecular tests needed to classify a suspected AML: New
- Recognize a small mature lymphocytosis that needs flow cytometry for clonality: Solid
- Name the flow cytometry result that separates CLL from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: Solid
- Recognize lymphoblasts that call for an acute lymphoblastic leukemia workup: New
- Name the immunophenotype and genetic tests needed to classify a suspected ALL: New
- Choose a suitable blood-film area and inspect the margins separately: Solid
- Recognize a spherocyte in the monolayer of a blood film: Solid
- Recognize the central staining pattern of a target cell: New
- Distinguish echinocyte projections from acanthocyte projections: Learning
- Recognize schistocytes and the percentage that suggests thrombotic microangiopathy: New
- Recognize a Howell-Jolly body as a nuclear remnant: New
- Choose an iron stain to confirm suspected Pappenheimer bodies: Solid
- Match an MPO, Sudan black B, or esterase pattern to blast lineage: New
- Recognize how citrate ratio, anemia, tube tilt, and temperature change a Westergren ESR: New
- Recognize polychromatophilic cells as young red cells on a Wright-stained film: New
- Report a positive Hb S solubility screen without calling trait or disease: Learning
- Check the film for platelet clumps before reporting a low platelet count: Solid
- Classify a low platelet count as reduced production, consumption, or sequestration: New
- Tell reactive from clonal thrombocytosis using the cause, film, and driver mutations: Learning
- Tell Bernard-Soulier from Glanzmann by platelet size, count, and aggregation results: Learning
- Distinguish an inherited leukocyte anomaly from a reactive or clonal change: New
- Recognize and correct turbidity that falsely raises a photometric hemoglobin: Learning
- Recognize trapped plasma, sealing, and spinning errors in a microhematocrit: New
- Assign a cell population's lineage from its full flow cytometry marker pattern: Solid
- Choose FISH, karyotype, or a molecular test for the change being sought: Learning
- Calculate an expected variant allele fraction from the abnormal-cell fraction: Learning
- Trace thrombin generation from tissue factor and factor VIIa to the platelet surface: Solid
- Trace how plasmin forms, is inhibited, and breaks cross-linked fibrin into D-dimer: Solid
- Reject a coagulation specimen with the wrong fill, hematocrit, handling, or timing: Solid
- Read a PT and APTT result pair to choose the next coagulation test: Fading
- Interpret immediate and incubated mixing-study behavior: New
- Interpret lupus anticoagulant screen, mix, and confirm results from two test systems: Learning
- Choose a one-stage or chromogenic factor assay and check its dilution linearity: Solid
- Interpret a Nijmegen-Bethesda titer with the inhibitor type and its kinetics: New
- Use thrombin and reptilase times to separate heparin from a fibrinogen defect: Solid
- Classify a von Willebrand panel from antigen, activity ratio, and factor VIII: New
- Sequence HIT immunoassay and functional testing by pretest probability: New
- Match an isolated prolonged APTT to factor VIII, IX, XI, or contact-factor deficiency: Solid
- Recognize when anticoagulants or acute illness make a thrombophilia result unreliable: Learning
- Recognize the platelet, PT, D-dimer, and fibrinogen changes that suggest DIC: Solid
- Choose the calibrated assay that measures a stated heparin or direct oral anticoagulant: New
- Explain how an impedance or optical analyzer counts cells and what it can miscount: Learning
- ALL: Solid
- AML: Not lit yet
- CML chronic phase: Lit
- CLL: Not lit yet
- Normal adult: Not lit yet
- Reactive lymphocytosis: Lit
- Reactive neutrophilia: Solid
Blood bank4 of 87 lit
- Apheresis, Blood Administration, and Patient Blood Management: Not lit yet
- Blood Group Foundations and Carbohydrate Systems: Not lit yet
- Blood Group Immunology: Not lit yet
- Donor Qualification, Collection, and Reactions: Not lit yet
- Erythrocyte Physiology and the Storage Lesion: Not lit yet
- Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn: Not lit yet
- Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnostic Framework and Cold-Reactive Disorders: Solid
- Leukocyte and Platelet Antigen Testing: Not lit yet
- Pretransfusion Testing: ABO, Antibody Investigation, and Compatibility: Not lit yet
- Blood Product Processing, Storage, Components, and Quality Control: Not lit yet
- Blood Bank Quality Assurance: Not lit yet
- Rh and Other Blood Group Systems: Not lit yet
- Special Serologic Reagents and Methods: Not lit yet
- Transfusion Indications and Component Therapy: Not lit yet
- Transfusion Reactions and Transfusion-Transmitted Infections: Not lit yet
- Transplantation Immunology and Laboratory Support: Not lit yet
- Warm, Mixed, and Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Not lit yet
- Accept or defer a donor from history, medications, physical findings, and deferral records: New
- Calculate a reduced collection volume and its matching anticoagulant volume: New
- Distinguish vasovagal and citrate-related donor reaction patterns: New
- Name the eligibility and testing rules that differ for directed and autologous donations: New
- Verify donor testing and traceability before releasing a component: New
- Store and transport each component at its labeled temperature and agitation: New
- Determine component expiration after processing or system entry: New
- Calculate red-cell processing recovery from volume and hematocrit: New
- Explain acidification and ATP changes during refrigerated red-cell storage: New
- Predict the supernatant potassium change in refrigerated red cells: New
- Match red-cell glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to what each supplies: New
- List the possible genotypes behind a blood-group phenotype in a person or family: New
- Predict red-cell A and B antigens from H substance and the inherited transferase: New
- Determine secretor status from ABH substances in saliva and match it to Lewis type: New
- Use reverse grouping, lectin tests, and history to explain a weak ABO forward reaction: New
- Recognize the Bombay phenotype and choose Bombay red cells for its anti-H: New
- Choose the follow-up for a weak or discrepant D typing result: New
- Judge whether a non-ABO antibody is significant from its thermal range and reactive phase: New
- Predict how method, enhancement medium, and cell concentration change a reaction grade: New
- Tell complement coating from proven hemolysis on a C3d-positive DAT: Solid
- Explain how maternal IgG and newborn bilirubin clearance produce HDFN findings: New
- Recognize suppression of erythropoiesis in anti-K-associated fetal anemia: New
- Call a maternal titer change only when the same method retests the earlier sample: New
- Determine postpartum Rh immune globulin eligibility from the laboratory results: New
- Calculate fetomaternal hemorrhage volume from a Kleihauer-Betke count: New
- Calculate the RhIG dose in whole syringes from the hemorrhage volume and product label: New
- Judge cold-antibody significance from thermal amplitude and hemolysis: New
- Interpret a Donath-Landsteiner test using its temperature sequence and controls: New
- Exclude underlying alloantibodies and select antigen-matched units for a warm autoantibody: New
- Tell drug-induced immune hemolysis from a delayed hemolytic reaction after transfusion: New
- Calculate a viable CD34-positive cell dose per kilogram of recipient weight: New
- Recalculate the viable-cell dose after each progenitor cell processing step: New
- Choose red-cell and plasma groups after a major or minor ABO-mismatched transplant: New
- Accept or reject a crossmatch sample by its age and the transfusion and pregnancy history: New
- Assign an adult ABO group from concordant forward and reverse results: Learning
- Choose the next check for a discrepant ABO reaction pattern: New
- Name the antibodies a negative screen can miss and the checks that still apply: New
- Use antigen-positive nonreactive cells for valid antibody exclusions: New
- Tell an autoantibody from a new alloantibody by the autocontrol, DAT, and eluate: New
- Select red cells using current and historical significant antibodies: New
- Estimate how many units to screen from antigen-negative donor frequencies: New
- Choose an immediate-spin or antiglobulin crossmatch from the patient's antibody history: New
- Determine eligibility for the validated electronic-crossmatch pathway: New
- Verify a component at issue and state any testing still incomplete: New
- Tell in vivo coating (DAT) from in vitro coating (IAT) and what each reagent detects: New
- Reject a negative tube antiglobulin test when required control cells fail: New
- Read an enzyme-treated panel beside the untreated panel: New
- Choose autologous or allogeneic adsorption from the recent transfusion history: New
- Interpret an eluate against its last-wash control: New
- Read DTT-treated test results knowing which antigens DTT destroys: New
- Choose molecular follow-up when serologic phenotyping is unreliable: New
- Read column and solid-phase results using platform-specific endpoints: New
- Calculate a corrected count increment with the stated platelet-dose units: New
- Choose the next investigation for repeated poor platelet increments: New
- Match maternal platelet antibodies to paternal platelet antigens in suspected FNAIT: Learning
- Match HNA antibodies to HNA antigens in neonatal neutropenia and TRALI workups: New
- Stop release when an interface converts a blank or invalid screen to negative: New
- Match cryoprecipitate, plasma, or another component to the factors that need replacing: New
- Select plasma without donor antibodies against the recipient's red cells: New
- Choose leukoreduction, irradiation, or washing for the risk each one reduces: New
- Check a red-cell request against the hemoglobin threshold for the patient's setting: New
- Perform the laboratory checks for a suspected transfusion reaction: New
- Tell TRALI from circulatory overload by blood pressure, BNP, and fluid balance: New
- Distinguish delayed serologic change from delayed hemolytic injury: New
- Investigate suspected bacterial contamination of a transfused component: New
- Trace implicated components after a transfusion-transmitted infection report: New
- Match an apheresis procedure to what it removes and what replaces it: New
- State the bedside identity check and administration rules for a component: New
- Decide crossmatch or type and screen for a surgery from the blood order schedule: New
- Explain why group O reagent cells are used for unexpected-antibody screening: New
Immunology0 of 63 lit
- Antigen-Antibody Interactions and Complement: Not lit yet
- Diseases of the Immune System: Not lit yet
- HIV Testing and Monitoring: Not lit yet
- Immune System Physiology and Immunoglobulins: Not lit yet
- Serologic Procedures and Test Results: Not lit yet
- Syphilis, Lyme, and Tuberculosis Serology: Not lit yet
- Transplantation and Tumor Immunology: Not lit yet
- Viral Infectious Disease Serology: Not lit yet
- Classify leukocytes from the features visible on a blood film: New
- Tell innate from adaptive immune cells by their receptors and memory: New
- Name where lymphocytes develop and where they first meet antigen: New
- Match MHC class I and class II presentation to the CD8 or CD4 T cell they activate: New
- Explain how a secondary antibody response differs from a primary response: New
- Match Fab and Fc fragments to antigen binding and effector function: New
- Match an immunoglobulin class to its distribution and immune function: New
- Distinguish single-site affinity from total binding avidity: New
- Recognize antibody excess as a cause of weak agglutination: New
- Recognize antigen excess as a cause of a falsely low immunoassay result: New
- Distinguish classical, lectin, and alternative complement initiation: New
- Match a complement fragment to its principal immune effect: New
- Interpret paired CH50 and AH50 results to locate a complement defect: New
- Check that a CH50 or AH50 specimen was separated and frozen promptly before accepting it: New
- Distinguish central from peripheral mechanisms of self-tolerance: New
- Match systemic autoantibodies such as ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-Sm to their diseases: New
- Choose the antibody tests that fit a suspected organ-specific disease: New
- Classify a hypersensitivity reaction by its main effector mechanism: New
- Distinguish allergen sensitization from clinical allergy: New
- Compare an acute tryptase with the patient's own baseline: New
- Tell MGUS from myeloma by M protein, marrow plasma cells, and myeloma-defining events: New
- Reject a cryoglobulin specimen that was not kept warm until separation: New
- Choose first tests for a suspected antibody, T-cell, or phagocyte deficiency: New
- Recognize when low immunoglobulins or lymphocytes need tests for an inherited deficiency: New
- Send a low TREC newborn screen for lymphocyte subsets and confirmatory testing: New
- Calculate sibling HLA-haplotype sharing probabilities: New
- Distinguish recipient attack on a graft from graft-versus-host injury: New
- Report HLA typing only to the allele resolution the typing method reached: New
- Tell single-antigen bead HLA antibody results from a donor-cell crossmatch: New
- Predict how tumor-antigen or HLA class I loss changes T-cell and NK-cell attack: New
- Read HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc together to classify hepatitis B status: New
- Choose RNA follow-up to determine current hepatitis C infection: New
- Distinguish HDV exposure from current infection in a person with HBV: New
- Call EBV infection recent or past from VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA antibody: New
- Choose the CMV test for past exposure, current replication, or congenital infection: New
- Choose lesion PCR or VZV IgG to tell current infection from past immunity: New
- Apply each infection's own IgM and paired-titer timing rules to a serology result: New
- Choose the next laboratory test in the HIV diagnostic algorithm: New
- Recognize when recent exposure or antiretroviral use limits HIV detection: New
- Distinguish what an HIV viral load measures from what a CD4 count measures: New
- Calculate a CD4-to-CD8 ratio from comparable absolute counts: New
- Choose virologic testing for an infant with possible perinatal HIV exposure: New
- Choose the next test for a reactive treponemal screen with a nonreactive RPR: New
- Call a fourfold RPR or VDRL titer change only between results from one method: New
- Report a negative CSF VDRL without excluding neurosyphilis: New
- Read Lyme two-tier results, counting an IgM blot only in the first 30 days of illness: New
- Interpret an IGRA with its controls and limits for active tuberculosis: New
- Predict labeled-assay signal direction from the binding format: New
- Read direct and inhibition agglutination using the assay's controls: New
- Distinguish direct from indirect immunofluorescence by the labeled reagent: New
- Interpret an ANA pattern and titer without assigning an unmeasured specificity: New
- Tell thyroid antibody results from thyroid function, and TRAb binding from stimulation: New
- Tell a nonspecific rheumatoid factor result from a more specific anti-CCP result: New
- Distinguish cytokine concentration from counts of cytokine-secreting cells: New
- Titer series: Not lit yet
Microbiology5 of 116 lit
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Resistance Mechanisms: Not lit yet
- Blood Cultures and Gram-Positive Blood Isolates: Not lit yet
- Cerebrospinal Fluid and Sterile Body Fluid Cultures: Not lit yet
- Enteric Bacteriology: Stool Workup, Enterobacterales, and Curved Oxidase-Positive Organisms: Not lit yet
- Gram-Negative, Fastidious, and Vector-Borne Agents of Bloodstream Infection: Not lit yet
- Lower and Upper Respiratory Tract Bacteriology: Not lit yet
- Microbiology Postanalytic Reporting: Critical Values, Documentation, and Public Health: Not lit yet
- Mycobacterial Susceptibility, Latent Infection Testing, Biosafety, and Nocardia: Not lit yet
- Mycobacteriology: Acid-Fast Staining, Culture, and Identification: Not lit yet
- Mycology: Dermatophytes, Molds, Pneumocystis, and Molecular Detection: Not lit yet
- Mycology Laboratory Methods, Yeasts, and Dimorphic Pathogens: Not lit yet
- Parasitology: Intestinal Protozoa, Helminths, and Immunocompromised-Host Infections: Not lit yet
- Parasitology: Specimens, Blood and Tissue Protozoa: Not lit yet
- Sentinel Recognition and Referral of Select Agents: Not lit yet
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Primary Processing in Microbiology: Lit
- Urinary Tract Bacteriology and Identification Methods: Not lit yet
- Viral Diagnosis: Mucocutaneous, Enteric, Systemic, Immunocompromised, and Travel-Related Infections: Not lit yet
- Viral Diagnosis: Respiratory, Herpesvirus, Congenital, and CNS Syndromes: Not lit yet
- Wound, Tissue, and Genital Tract Bacteriology: Not lit yet
- Choose a collection device compatible with the requested microbiology test: New
- Choose room temperature or refrigeration for a specimen and its requested test: New
- Prioritize a limited or irreplaceable microbiology specimen: New
- Read a direct Gram stain and compare it with the culture growth: New
- Select primary media for the specimen source and suspected organism group: New
- Choose ambient air, CO₂, or anaerobic incubation for each culture plate: New
- Check each blood-culture set's fill volume and collection site: New
- Choose the first laboratory actions after a blood-culture bottle signals positive: New
- Tell a blood-culture contaminant from a pathogen by organism and number of positive sets: New
- Tell S. aureus from S. lugdunensis and other staphylococci in blood: New
- Tell streptococci from enterococci and their vancomycin-resistant look-alikes in blood: New
- Recognize a catalase-positive blood rod that needs a Listeria workup: New
- Confirm a gram-negative diplococcus to species before reporting it: New
- Distinguish nonfermenting gram-negative rods from enteric fermenters: New
- Recognize a HACEK or Haemophilus blood isolate that needs special identification: New
- Read vector-borne infection serology against the week of illness and paired titers: New
- Process CSF for culture at once and keep it at room temperature: New
- Read a CSF molecular panel against its target list and continue the culture: New
- Split a sterile body fluid between culture bottles, a Gram stain, and plates: New
- Screen a sputum Gram stain for squamous cells before routine bacterial culture: New
- Match a lower respiratory colony count to the threshold for its collection method: New
- Select tests for Legionella, Mycoplasma, and other agents routine culture misses: New
- Decide when a negative rapid strep antigen needs culture or NAAT backup: New
- Choose stool media and toxin or NAAT tests for the suspected enteric pathogen: Learning
- Identify Enterobacterales species from TSI and other biochemical reactions: New
- Tell Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter from enteric fermenters in stool culture: New
- Tell C. difficile carriage from toxin production using NAAT and toxin results: New
- Select a wound specimen that represents the infected tissue: New
- Recognize bite wounds and deep abscesses that need anaerobic culture: New
- Identify bacterial vaginosis by Nugent score, Amsel criteria, or a validated NAAT: New
- Decide when gonococcal culture is needed in addition to NAAT: New
- Process an antepartum group B streptococcus screen through enrichment broth: Learning
- Choose the correct sampling site for a catheter urine culture: New
- Calculate CFU/mL from a colony count and the calibrated loop volume: New
- Match a urine colony-count cutoff to the collection method and the organisms grown: New
- Recall how MALDI-TOF matches a protein spectrum to identify an organism: New
- Select a suitable isolated colony for MALDI-TOF identification: New
- Tell NAAT target detection from active infection, carriage, or leftover DNA: New
- Tell isolates of one strain from isolates that only share a species, using strain typing: New
- Recognize agar depth, cation, or thymidine errors in an AST setup: New
- Read the minimum inhibitory concentration from a valid dilution series: Learning
- Assign a susceptibility category to an MIC with the organism-drug breakpoint: New
- Distinguish broth dilution from agar and gradient-diffusion AST formats: New
- Read the inhibition-zone diameter for a valid disk-diffusion test: New
- Distinguish growth inhibition from the bactericidal endpoint: New
- Check that AST control strains are in range before releasing patient results: New
- Match a major antimicrobial class to its cellular target: New
- Flag a susceptible result for a drug the species is intrinsically resistant to: New
- Select eligible isolates for a cumulative antibiogram: New
- Detect methicillin resistance in staphylococci with a cefoxitin screen: New
- Recall the altered penicillin-binding protein encoded by mecA: New
- Name what a negative mecA, nitrocefin, or other targeted test cannot detect: New
- Select a validated vancomycin MIC method for S. aureus: New
- Investigate unexpected reduced vancomycin susceptibility in S. aureus: New
- Choose meningitis or nonmeningitis breakpoints for a pneumococcal MIC: New
- Read enterococcal high-level gentamicin and streptomycin screens for synergy: New
- Distinguish ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase resistance patterns: New
- Distinguish resistant-organism surveillance from diagnostic susceptibility testing: New
- Stop routine identification and contain a suspected select agent: New
- Run sentinel rule-out tests for B. anthracis, Brucella, and F. tularensis: New
- Report and refer an isolate that cannot be ruled out as a select agent: New
- Grade an acid-fast smear on the correct scale and report it without a species: New
- Match mycobacterial decontamination to the specimen and its contamination rate: New
- Distinguish M. tuberculosis complex from nontuberculous mycobacteria: New
- Pair a TB rifampin-resistance NAAT with growth-based testing for the other drugs: New
- Keep a rapid-grower clarithromycin result pending until the day-14 read: New
- Tell Nocardia from other branching rods with a modified acid-fast stain: New
- Extend culture incubation when Nocardia is suspected: New
- Choose a viral test and specimen for the syndrome and the day of illness: New
- Decide when a negative rapid influenza antigen needs a molecular test: New
- Read a negative CSF viral NAAT against the day of illness and its target list: New
- Distinguish direct evidence of congenital infection from transferred maternal antibody: New
- Calculate a serial viral-load change in log₁₀ and compare it with assay variability: New
- Distinguish a result detected below quantification from a negative viral result: New
- Choose NAAT, NS1 antigen, or serology for a returning traveler by day of illness: New
- Distinguish the roles of thick and thin blood films for parasite examination: New
- Recognize malaria species features that need confirmatory identification: New
- Calculate asexual parasitemia from infected and total red cells: New
- Calculate parasite density using the measured leukocyte count: New
- Tell Babesia from malaria and blood-film artifacts: New
- Select a specimen and method for a suspected tissue protozoal infection: New
- Choose stool parasite methods that match the collection and preservative: New
- Distinguish pathogenic intestinal amebae from morphologic look-alikes: New
- Select a targeted stain or NAAT when intestinal coccidia are suspected: New
- Differentiate intestinal nematodes using the observed egg or larval stage: New
- Identify Taenia species from segments, scolex, or molecular testing: New
- Match each trematode egg to the specimen it appears in, such as urine or stool: New
- Read a KOH or calcofluor white preparation and state what a negative can miss: New
- Confirm a presumptive yeast identification, such as possible C. auris, before release: New
- Check a negative cryptococcal antigen against India ink, culture, and prozone: New
- Recognize a mold that may be a dimorphic pathogen and move it into a safety cabinet: New
- Confirm a dermatophyte from skin, hair, or nail by colony and microscopic features: New
- Distinguish broad pauciseptate from narrow septate hyphal patterns: Solid
- Read galactomannan and beta-D-glucan results against the fungi they miss: New
- Report a quantitative Pneumocystis PCR without overcalling pneumonia or colonization: New
- Distinguish preliminary, final, addendum, and corrected microbiology reports: New
- Meet jurisdiction-specific public-health reporting duties for a result: New
Urinalysis2 of 63 lit
- Amniotic Fluid and Semen Analysis: Not lit yet
- Body Fluid Cell Counts and Cerebrospinal Fluid: Not lit yet
- Color, Clarity, and Odor: Not lit yet
- Fecal Analysis: Solid
- Nephron Structure and Urine Formation: Not lit yet
- Renal Physiology, Function Testing, and Disease Patterns: Not lit yet
- Specialized and Forensic Collections: Not lit yet
- Specific Gravity and Osmolality: Not lit yet
- Specimen Handling and Acceptability: Not lit yet
- Urine Specimen Types: Not lit yet
- Synovial and Serous Fluid Analysis: Lit
- Urine Microscopy: Cells, Casts, Crystals, and Artifacts: Not lit yet
- Urine Reagent-Strip Chemistry and Confirmatory Testing: Not lit yet
- Match a nephron segment to its role in filtration, reabsorption, or secretion: New
- Decide whether a urine specimen meets the requested test's requirements: New
- Predict changes caused by delayed urine examination: New
- Select a urine collection type suited to the requested measurement: New
- Recognize an incomplete or mistimed urine collection before calculation: New
- Maintain chain of custody for a federal workplace urine specimen: New
- Confirm a urine color or clarity finding with the reagent strip and microscopy: New
- Explain a discrepancy between refractometric and strip specific gravity: New
- Perform urine reagent strip testing with the specified read times and quality checks: New
- Recognize the protein pad's albumin selectivity and its limits for nonalbumin protein: New
- Choose a quantitative albumin-to-creatinine ratio to follow up a urine albumin screen: New
- Tell which sugars the glucose oxidase pad detects and which need copper reduction: New
- Compare a positive urine blood pad with the red cells seen on microscopy: New
- Check light, delay, and interferents before reporting urine bilirubin or urobilinogen: New
- Recognize infections that a negative nitrite or leukocyte esterase pad can miss: New
- Select an optical method for faint structures in unstained urine: New
- Recognize urinary acanthocytes and their glomerular association: New
- Read many squamous cells as a sign of a poorly collected urine specimen: New
- Recognize renal tubular cells and report them as a sign of tubular injury: New
- Recognize an oval fat body and confirm its lipid by polarization or fat stain: New
- Distinguish yeast from red cells using budding and related features: New
- Distinguish a true cast matrix from a free aggregate of cells: New
- Explain where and how urinary casts form: New
- Interpret an RBC cast as evidence of bleeding within the nephron: New
- Distinguish the renal evidence of a WBC cast from free urinary leukocytes: New
- Tell a few physiologic hyaline casts from the increased numbers seen in renal disease: New
- Recognize colorless hexagonal crystals that need a cystine confirmation test: New
- Identify common urine crystals by shape, urine pH, color, and birefringence: New
- Distinguish contaminants and pseudocasts from true urine sediment: New
- Place renal injury in glomerulus or tubule from protein, heme, cells, and casts together: New
- Choose manual confirmation when a body-fluid count falls outside the verified range: New
- Recognize cytocentrifuge distortion that mimics abnormal cells on a body-fluid slide: New
- Name the abnormal findings that a clear, colorless CSF can still contain: New
- Recognize why normal CSF findings cannot exclude a device-associated infection: New
- Compare CSF glucose with a blood glucose drawn close to the lumbar puncture: New
- Calculate the IgG index from paired CSF and serum IgG and albumin results: New
- Distinguish CSF-restricted IgG bands from a matched systemic pattern: New
- Distinguish urate and CPP crystals by shape and compensated polarization: New
- Recognize septic arthritis risk despite crystals or an overlapping cell count: New
- Name the pressure, permeability, or lymphatic change that produces an effusion: New
- Classify a pleural effusion as transudate or exudate with Light's criteria: New
- Calculate and interpret the serum-ascites albumin gradient: New
- Name the interferences that make a rupture-of-membranes test misleading: New
- Decide whether a semen collection is complete and timely enough to analyze: New
- Calculate total sperm number from concentration and ejaculate volume: New
- Distinguish sperm immotility from loss of vitality: New
- Calculate a stool osmotic gap from stool electrolyte results: New
- Tell fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) from guaiac testing by what each detects: New
- Check the fat-controlled diet and timed collection before interpreting fecal fat: New
- Recognize when watery stool falsely lowers a fecal elastase result: New
Chemistry20 of 78 lit
- Acid-Base Balance and Blood Gases: Not lit yet
- The Adrenal, Gonadal, and Parathyroid-Vitamin D Axes: Not lit yet
- Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glucose Testing: Not lit yet
- Chloride, Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate: Not lit yet
- Endocrine Methods and the Pituitary-Thyroid Axes: Solid
- Enzyme Kinetics and Diagnostic Enzymology: Not lit yet
- Heme Synthesis, Porphyrias, and Bilirubin: Not lit yet
- Lactate, the Anion Gap, and Renal Integration: Solid
- Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Dyslipidemia: Not lit yet
- Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds and Renal Markers: Not lit yet
- Plasma Proteins and Electrophoresis: Not lit yet
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Overdose Testing: Not lit yet
- Toxicology Principles and Exposure Testing: Not lit yet
- Trace Elements: Not lit yet
- Tumor and Cardiac Markers: Not lit yet
- Vitamins and Nutrition: Not lit yet
- Water Balance, Sodium, and Potassium: Solid
- Match each glucose pathway to energy release, glucose storage, or new glucose synthesis: Solid
- Classify a glucose or HbA1c result using the ADA limits and confirmation rule: New
- Recognize when red-cell changes make an HbA1c disagree with the glucose history: New
- Choose a ketone test that detects beta-hydroxybutyrate in suspected DKA: New
- Choose prompt separation, an ice slurry, or an inhibitor tube to stop glucose loss: New
- Match each lipoprotein particle to the lipid it carries and where that lipid comes from: Learning
- Choose a valid LDL-C or non-HDL-C result when triglycerides are too high for Friedewald: Solid
- Tell a high-LDL type IIa lipid profile from a triglyceride-rich profile: Solid
- Match each bilirubin fraction to a step in production, conjugation, or excretion: New
- Choose the first porphyria test for acute attacks, blistering, or painful photosensitivity: Fading
- Explain a persistent direct-reacting bilirubin during recovery: New
- Check light protection and interference before releasing a bilirubin result: Learning
- Predict how enzyme reaction rate changes as substrate concentration rises: New
- Tell competitive from noncompetitive inhibition by their effects on Km and Vmax: New
- Tell a hepatocellular from a cholestatic pattern using AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT: Learning
- Judge an amylase or lipase rise against its nonpancreatic causes and time course: New
- Tell a broad polyclonal gamma increase from a narrow monoclonal peak on electrophoresis: New
- Add immunofixation and free light chains to electrophoresis for a suspected M-protein: New
- Recognize when a creatinine eGFR needs a cystatin C equation or a measured GFR: New
- Calculate fractional sodium excretion using paired concentrations: New
- Keep an ammonia specimen on ice and centrifuge it cold without delay: New
- Tell myocardial injury from infarction by troponin level, rise or fall, and ischemia: New
- Use a tumor marker only to monitor a known cancer or screen a targeted group: New
- Tell acidemia from acidosis and alkalemia from alkalosis: New
- Identify the primary acid-base process from pH, pCO₂, and bicarbonate: New
- Calculate the Winters expected pCO₂ and compare it with the measured pCO₂: New
- Calculate the expected bicarbonate for an acute or chronic respiratory disorder: New
- Recognize a mixed disorder despite a near-normal pH: New
- Confirm arterial or venous source and inspired oxygen before interpreting a blood gas: New
- Predict how room-air exposure changes a blood-gas specimen: New
- Recognize how excess liquid heparin dilutes a blood-gas specimen: New
- Calculate oxygen content using hemoglobin concentration and the stated saturation: New
- Calculate an osmolal gap using the stated formula and units: Fading
- Use measured osmolality to tell hypotonic hyponatremia from pseudohyponatremia: New
- Distinguish potassium redistribution from a change in total-body stores: New
- Decide whether to release or recollect a hemolyzed potassium specimen: New
- Recognize CO₂ escape from an uncapped tube behind a low total CO₂: Solid
- Choose between total and ionized calcium when albumin or pH is abnormal: Learning
- Check magnesium when hypokalemia does not correct: New
- Tell a phosphate shift into cells from renal or dietary phosphate loss: Learning
- Check a raised lactate for processing delay, glycolate interference, and nonhypoxic causes: New
- Calculate an anion gap using the stated potassium convention: New
- Correct an anion gap for albumin under the stated convention: New
- Calculate a delta ratio using compatible gap and bicarbonate baselines: New
- Choose metal-free tubes, stoppers, and pipette tips for a trace-element specimen: Learning
- Locate an endocrine defect in the gland or pituitary from target and regulating hormones: New
- Classify a TSH and free T₄ pattern after checking dose timing, binding, and interference: New
- Confirm draw time, posture, and chilling for cortisol, renin, and ACTH specimens: New
- Read a cortisol result against the limits of its timed draw or dynamic test: Learning
- Read FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone against the interval for cycle day and age: New
- Judge whether a PTH fits the calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and kidney results: New
- Match a vitamin question to a direct, functional, or metabolite measurement: New
- Tell inflammation or protein loss from malnutrition behind a low albumin or prealbumin: New
- Tell a presumptive immunoassay drug screen from GC-MS or LC-MS/MS identification: Solid
- Predict how osmolal and anion gaps change as a toxic alcohol is metabolized: New
- Confirm dose and draw time before comparing a drug level with its trough or peak target: New
- Recognize when binding changes make a total drug level understate the free drug: Solid
- Decide whether an acetaminophen level can be plotted on the nomogram: Solid
- Check assay limits or use another method for a creatinine on an icteric specimen: New
- Test a discordant hormone immunoassay by dilution, blocking reagent, or another platform: Learning
- Total CO2: a result to verify: Not lit yet
Calculations27 of 64 lit
- ASCP BOC Examination Reference Ranges: Solid
- Clinical Reference Intervals Across Disciplines: Not lit yet
- Core Chemistry Calculations: Not lit yet
- Dilution Math: Lit
- Manual Cell-Counting Calculations: Not lit yet
- Red Cell, Reticulocyte, and Absolute Count Calculations: Lit
- Timed Urine and Renal Clearance Calculations: Lit
- Calculate total excretion from concentration and a complete timed collection: New
- Calculate measured creatinine clearance from timed urine flow: New
- Convert a measured clearance between absolute and BSA-indexed reporting: Learning
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for sodium: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for potassium: Solid
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for chloride: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for total CO₂: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for creatinine: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for blood urea nitrogen: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for fasting glucose: Learning
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial pH: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial pCO₂: Solid
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial bicarbonate: New
- Calculate MCV using the stated hematocrit and RBC units: Solid
- Calculate MCH using the stated hemoglobin and RBC units: Fading
- Calculate MCHC from hemoglobin and hematocrit: New
- Calculate RDW-CV from the standard deviation of red-cell volume and the MCV: New
- Calculate the absolute reticulocyte count from RBC count and reticulocyte percent: New
- Calculate an absolute leukocyte-lineage count: New
- Correct a WBC count that still includes nucleated red cells: New
- Calculate the volume counted in a hemacytometer: Learning
- Calculate a cell concentration from a chamber count and dilution: New
- Calculate a manual reticulocyte percentage: Solid
- Calculate a reticulocyte percentage using the stated Miller-reticle area ratio: Solid
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for blood RBC count: Fading
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for blood hemoglobin: Solid
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for hematocrit: Fading
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCV: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCH: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCHC: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for blood platelet count: Learning
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for total blood WBC count: New
- Calculate a dilution factor and specimen fraction from prepared volumes: New
- Calculate the specimen and diluent volumes for a chosen dilution: New
- Calculate the original concentration from a diluted measurement: New
- Decide whether a diluted reading falls inside the measuring interval before reporting: Solid
- Calculate the amount of solute in an aliquot: New
- Predict the concentration after withdrawing a well-mixed aliquot: New
- Mix a dilution before transferring the next aliquot: New
- Calculate a cumulative dilution factor: Solid
- Calculate the destination concentration in a serial dilution step: New
- Predict how a transfer or diluent volume error changes a serial dilution: New
- Calculate TIBC from transferrin using the procedure's factor and units: Solid
- Calculate TIBC or UIBC from the other iron-capacity measurements: Learning
- Calculate transferrin saturation from serum iron and TIBC: Learning
- Calculate globulin and the albumin/globulin ratio: New
- Calculate the indirect bilirubin fraction from total and direct results: Solid
- Calculate non-HDL cholesterol from total and HDL cholesterol: Learning
- Calculate Friedewald LDL cholesterol in mg/dL or mmol/L: Solid
- Convert percent transmittance to absorbance: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for CSF glucose: New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for urine pH: New
- Manual CK dilution, 1:5 to 500 µL: Not lit yet
- Manual CK dilution, 1:4 to 400 µL: Not lit yet
- Manual CK dilution, 1:8 to 800 µL: Solid
- Practice dilutions: Not lit yet
- Dilution worksheet review: Solid
Lab operations104 of 138 lit
- Automated Specialty Instrumentation, Management, and Education: Lit
- Basic Laboratory Equipment: Solid
- Flow Cytometry, Immunoassay Automation, and Molecular Methods: Not lit yet
- Laboratory Mathematics and Diagnostic Performance: Not lit yet
- Laboratory Safety Programs and Emergency Procedures: Not lit yet
- Point-of-Care Testing, Compliance, and Regulation: Solid
- Preanalytic, Analytic, and Postanalytic Quality Assessment: Not lit yet
- Quality Control, Method Evaluation, and Quality Management: Solid
- Quantitative Instrument Measurement Principles: Solid
- Verify temperature at the working sample position: Solid
- Follow the to-contain or to-deliver marking on volumetric equipment: New
- Choose a pipette type for the volume and for viscous, volatile, or foaming liquids: Solid
- Calculate delivered volume from water mass and the stated conversion factor: Learning
- Choose a vessel and cleaning process that will not alter the analyte: Learning
- Tell balance readability from repeatability measured with mass standards: Learning
- Calculate relative centrifugal force from radius and rotational speed: Solid
- Choose resistivity, organic-carbon, or plate-count checks for the water an assay needs: New
- Trace a photometric fault to the lamp, wavelength selector, cuvette, or detector: Fading
- Predict the effect of stray light on a high-absorbance measurement: New
- Calculate a concentration from absorbance with the fitted standard curve: New
- Match an atomic-absorption interference to its mechanism: Solid
- Predict elution order from how compounds interact with the stationary phase: Solid
- Check the internal-standard response before releasing an LC-MS result: Solid
- Choose an osmometry principle that detects volatile solutes: Solid
- Predict protein migration from buffer pH relative to the isoelectric point: Solid
- Explain why an indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) can show pseudohyponatremia: Learning
- Distinguish measured blood-gas values from calculated values: Learning
- Distinguish excitation-driven fluorescence from chemical light production: Solid
- Distinguish turbidimetric attenuation from nephelometric scatter: Learning
- Report a low result within the method's detection and quantitation limits: New
- Choose the flow-cytometry control for gate placement, spillover, or autofluorescence: New
- Calculate an absolute subset count using the correct parent population: New
- Choose an extraction method for a DNA, RNA, or cell-free nucleic acid target: Solid
- Accept or reject a nucleic-acid extract using A260/A280, integrity, and amplifiability: Fading
- Predict how stringency changes nucleic-acid probe specificity: Solid
- Choose endpoint, real-time, digital, or RT-PCR for the target and for quantitation: Learning
- Locate the failed step of a molecular test from where each control is added: Solid
- Limit a negative sequencing report to the regions and variant types the assay covers: Learning
- Recognize when an automated identification or susceptibility result needs confirmation: Fading
- Choose the next CBC check from flags, red cell indices, lipemia, or cold agglutination: Learning
- Match a coagulation measurement principle to its likely interference: New
- Calculate cost per reportable result with a consistent denominator: Learning
- Tell course attendance from documented competency assessment: Learning
- Locate an error in the preanalytic, analytic, or postanalytic phase: Solid
- Verify patient and specimen identity before testing or giving a result: Learning
- Decide whether a clot, short fill, wrong tube, or delay makes a specimen unsuitable: New
- Recognize high potassium with low calcium as a sign of EDTA carryover: Fading
- Recognize when fluid from an infusion line has diluted or spiked the specimen: Solid
- Distinguish collection hemolysis from possible hemolysis in the patient: New
- Distinguish a patient-related interference from a collection problem: New
- Check identity, contamination, and the run behind a failed delta check before release: Solid
- Choose release, repeat, comment, or recollection from the specimen checks and QC: Learning
- Communicate a critical result with identifiers, units, and confirmed receipt: Learning
- Call an established critical result before continuing routine work: New
- Correct a reported error, keep both reports, and notify the care team: Learning
- Calculate the mean of control measurements: New
- Calculate standard deviation from stated control limits and state its unit: New
- Calculate coefficient of variation from a mean and standard deviation: New
- State the share of control results expected within 1, 2, and 3 SD of the mean: Solid
- Recognize a shift, trend, or random scatter on a Levey-Jennings chart: New
- Tell a 1-2s warning from a 1-3s rejection: Solid
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 1-3s violation: Fading
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 4-1s violation: Learning
- Recognize an R-4s violation within one run: Solid
- Recognize a 10x violation in consecutive same-side controls: Learning
- Match a QC shift, trend, or random error to its likely causes: Fading
- Confirm corrective action before accepting the next QC run: Fading
- Decide which patient results need review after rejected QC: Solid
- Calculate a sigma metric with compatible error, bias, and imprecision units: Learning
- Set a new control lot's mean from its crossover runs and its SD from the established CV: Solid
- Tell method agreement from a high correlation coefficient: Learning
- Test proficiency samples through the routine patient workflow: Learning
- Check operator, reagent, device, and control readiness before point-of-care testing: New
- Match a test's CLIA complexity to the certificate that covers it: Solid
- Choose PPE and handling controls for a task's splash, sharps, or aerosol risk: New
- Choose the immediate response to a blood or body-fluid exposure: Solid
- Choose safe packaging and handling for a specimen shipment: Solid
- Use the SDS and hazard label to choose chemical handling and spill precautions: Solid
- Choose the required response to a fire or equipment emergency: Solid
- Calculate molarity or reagent mass using the solute molar mass: Fading
- Calculate normality for the stated reaction: Solid
- Calculate a percent solution on its stated mass/volume, volume/volume, or mass/mass basis: Solid
- Calculate the stock volume required for a target solution: Solid
- Convert between compatible mass, volume, and amount concentration units: Solid
- Calculate the median of an ordered set of results: Fading
- Calculate diagnostic sensitivity against the reference classification: Fading
- Calculate diagnostic specificity against the reference classification: Learning
- Calculate positive and negative predictive values: Learning
- Routine morning run: Solid
- AST warning result: Not lit yet
- Glucose beyond 3 SD: Lit
- Potassium levels apart: Lit
- Both calcium levels high: Solid
- Chloride creeping upward: Solid
- Sodium above the mean: Lit
- ALT rising over days: Lit
- Creatinine scatter widening: Lit
- Bilirubin Level 1 high: Lit
- Three assays shift together: Solid
- Results near the limits: Not lit yet
- ALP after a reagent change: Lit
- Practice QC run: Solid
- Shift 1: Not lit yet
- Shift 2: Solid
- Shift 3: Not lit yet
- Shift 4: Solid
- Short call: nobody picks up: Lit
- Short call: a meter that disagrees: Solid
- Short call: a potassium on a pink tube: Not lit yet
- Short call: a platelet count that dropped overnight: Not lit yet
- Short call: an antibody before surgery: Lit
- Short call: Mr. Brooks's glucose: Solid
- Short call: Ms. Lindgren's glucose: Solid
- Short call: Ms. Nakamura's glucose: Lit
- Short call: Mr. O'Connell's glucose: Lit
- Short call: Mr. Patel's glucose: Lit
- Short call: Ms. Ruiz's glucose: Solid
- Short call: Mr. Castellano's pink tube: Not lit yet
- Short call: Mrs. Fairbanks's pink tube: Solid
- Short call: Mr. Haddad's pink tube: Lit
- Short call: Mr. Okoye's pink tube: Solid
- Short call: Mrs. Soto's pink tube: Solid
- Short call: Ms. Whitaker's pink tube: Not lit yet
- Short call: an APTT that does not fit: Not lit yet
- Short call: blasts on a first smear: Not lit yet
- Short call: an INR on warfarin: Solid
- Short call: a hemoglobin after a bleed: Solid
- Short call: the clerk picks up: Lit
- Short call: a spinal fluid Gram stain: Solid
- Short call: a positive blood culture: Solid
- Two-case assignment: Not lit yet
- Hemolysis: decide assay by assay: Lit
- Turbid serum: check the method: Lit
- Criticals: call and report: Solid
- Run review: Lit
- A critical potassium nobody called: Lit
- Liver enzymes that belonged to someone else: Not lit yet
- A potassium released from a pink specimen: Solid
Exam outline
Blood banking72 New
Blood banking, From donation to component11 New
Blood banking, Assessing and collecting from donors4 New
Blood banking, Donor eligibility1 New
Blood banking, Ways to collect a donation1 New
Blood banking, Donor reactions1 New
Blood banking, Special donation arrangements1 New
Blood banking, Processing a donation1 New
Blood banking, Keeping components usable4 New
Blood banking, Preparing component types2 New
Blood banking, Checking component quality2 New
Blood banking, Antigen systems in transfusion9 New
Blood banking, Blood group genetics and genotyping1 New
Blood banking, Blood group antigen families6 New
- Predict red-cell A and B antigens from H substance and the inherited transferaseNew
- Determine secretor status from ABH substances in saliva and match it to Lewis typeNew
- Use reverse grouping, lectin tests, and history to explain a weak ABO forward reactionNew
- Recognize the Bombay phenotype and choose Bombay red cells for its anti-HNew
- Choose the follow-up for a weak or discrepant D typing resultNew
- Judge whether a non-ABO antibody is significant from its thermal range and reactive phaseNew
Blood banking, How often antigens occur and provoke antibodies4 New
- Recognize the Bombay phenotype and choose Bombay red cells for its anti-HNew
- Judge whether a non-ABO antibody is significant from its thermal range and reactive phaseNew
- Select red cells using current and historical significant antibodiesNew
- Estimate how many units to screen from antigen-negative donor frequenciesNew
Blood banking, Immune mechanisms in blood banking4 New
Blood banking, Patterns of immune response1 New
Blood banking, Antibody structure and behavior1 New
Blood banking, Binding and reaction conditions1 New
Blood banking, Complement in serologic reactions1 New
Blood banking, Biology behind transfusion decisions19 New
Blood banking, Blood cells and circulation4 New
Blood banking, Clotting and platelet biology1 New
Blood banking, Maternal and fetal red cell incompatibility6 New
- Explain how maternal IgG and newborn bilirubin clearance produce HDFN findingsNew
- Recognize suppression of erythropoiesis in anti-K-associated fetal anemiaNew
- Call a maternal titer change only when the same method retests the earlier sampleNew
- Determine postpartum Rh immune globulin eligibility from the laboratory resultsNew
- Calculate fetomaternal hemorrhage volume from a Kleihauer-Betke countNew
- Calculate the RhIG dose in whole syringes from the hemorrhage volume and product labelNew
Blood banking, Anemia and immune red cell destruction5 New
- Tell complement coating from proven hemolysis on a C3d-positive DATNew
- Judge cold-antibody significance from thermal amplitude and hemolysisNew
- Interpret a Donath-Landsteiner test using its temperature sequence and controlsNew
- Exclude underlying alloantibodies and select antigen-matched units for a warm autoantibodyNew
- Tell drug-induced immune hemolysis from a delayed hemolytic reaction after transfusionNew
Blood banking, Organ and stem cell transplantation3 New
Blood banking, Red cell, antibody, and platelet testing30 New
Blood banking, Standard pretransfusion workup15 New
Blood banking, Establishing the blood group4 New
Blood banking, Screening and crossmatching6 New
- Accept or reject a crossmatch sample by its age and the transfusion and pregnancy historyNew
- Name the antibodies a negative screen can miss and the checks that still applyNew
- Select red cells using current and historical significant antibodiesNew
- Choose an immediate-spin or antiglobulin crossmatch from the patient's antibody historyNew
- Determine eligibility for the validated electronic-crossmatch pathwayNew
- Explain why group O reagent cells are used for unexpected-antibody screeningNew
Blood banking, Resolving an antibody pattern3 New
Blood banking, Detecting antibodies on red cells2 New
Blood banking, Choosing serologic reagents4 New
Blood banking, Methods for difficult serologic problems9 New
- Call a maternal titer change only when the same method retests the earlier sampleNew
- Calculate fetomaternal hemorrhage volume from a Kleihauer-Betke countNew
- Interpret a Donath-Landsteiner test using its temperature sequence and controlsNew
- Exclude underlying alloantibodies and select antigen-matched units for a warm autoantibodyNew
- Read an enzyme-treated panel beside the untreated panelNew
- Choose autologous or allogeneic adsorption from the recent transfusion historyNew
- Interpret an eluate against its last-wash controlNew
- Read DTT-treated test results knowing which antigens DTT destroysNew
- Choose molecular follow-up when serologic phenotyping is unreliableNew
Blood banking, White cell and platelet antibody testing4 New
- Calculate a corrected count increment with the stated platelet-dose unitsNew
- Choose the next investigation for repeated poor platelet incrementsNew
- Match maternal platelet antibodies to paternal platelet antigens in suspected FNAITNew
- Match HNA antibodies to HNA antigens in neonatal neutropenia and TRALI workupsNew
Blood banking, Quality checks on samples, reagents, and serologic tests1 New
Blood banking, Supporting a transfusion18 New
Blood banking, Why each component is given2 New
Blood banking, Matching components to the need6 New
- Choose red-cell and plasma groups after a major or minor ABO-mismatched transplantNew
- Verify a component at issue and state any testing still incompleteNew
- Choose the next investigation for repeated poor platelet incrementsNew
- Match cryoprecipitate, plasma, or another component to the factors that need replacingNew
- Select plasma without donor antibodies against the recipient's red cellsNew
- Choose leukoreduction, irradiation, or washing for the risk each one reducesNew
Blood banking, Investigating transfusion complications7 New
Blood banking, Reactions caused by immune mechanisms5 New
- Tell drug-induced immune hemolysis from a delayed hemolytic reaction after transfusionNew
- Match HNA antibodies to HNA antigens in neonatal neutropenia and TRALI workupsNew
- Perform the laboratory checks for a suspected transfusion reactionNew
- Tell TRALI from circulatory overload by blood pressure, BNP, and fluid balanceNew
- Distinguish delayed serologic change from delayed hemolytic injuryNew
Blood banking, Reactions with other causes2 New
Blood banking, Infections transmitted by transfusion2 New
Blood banking, Apheresis and extracorporeal support2 New
Blood banking, Administration and blood conservation3 New
Urine and body fluids50 New
Urine and body fluids, Working up a urine specimen27 New
Urine and body fluids, Appearance and concentration3 New
Urine and body fluids, Describing urine appearance2 New
Urine and body fluids, Measuring urine concentration1 New
Urine and body fluids, Urine chemistry methods9 New
Urine and body fluids, Reading the chemistry strip8 New
- Predict changes caused by delayed urine examinationNew
- Perform urine reagent strip testing with the specified read times and quality checksNew
- Recognize the protein pad's albumin selectivity and its limits for nonalbumin proteinNew
- Tell which sugars the glucose oxidase pad detects and which need copper reductionNew
- Compare a positive urine blood pad with the red cells seen on microscopyNew
- Check light, delay, and interferents before reporting urine bilirubin or urobilinogenNew
- Recognize infections that a negative nitrite or leukocyte esterase pad can missNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for urine pHNew
Urine and body fluids, Confirming a strip finding6 New
- Recognize the protein pad's albumin selectivity and its limits for nonalbumin proteinNew
- Choose a quantitative albumin-to-creatinine ratio to follow up a urine albumin screenNew
- Tell which sugars the glucose oxidase pad detects and which need copper reductionNew
- Compare a positive urine blood pad with the red cells seen on microscopyNew
- Check light, delay, and interferents before reporting urine bilirubin or urobilinogenNew
- Recognize infections that a negative nitrite or leukocyte esterase pad can missNew
Urine and body fluids, Interpreting urine sediment15 New
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing sediment cells6 New
- Predict changes caused by delayed urine examinationNew
- Select an optical method for faint structures in unstained urineNew
- Recognize urinary acanthocytes and their glomerular associationNew
- Read many squamous cells as a sign of a poorly collected urine specimenNew
- Recognize renal tubular cells and report them as a sign of tubular injuryNew
- Recognize an oval fat body and confirm its lipid by polarization or fat stainNew
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing urinary casts6 New
- Select an optical method for faint structures in unstained urineNew
- Distinguish a true cast matrix from a free aggregate of cellsNew
- Explain where and how urinary casts formNew
- Interpret an RBC cast as evidence of bleeding within the nephronNew
- Distinguish the renal evidence of a WBC cast from free urinary leukocytesNew
- Tell a few physiologic hyaline casts from the increased numbers seen in renal diseaseNew
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing urinary crystals2 New
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing organisms in sediment1 New
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing introduced material1 New
Urine and body fluids, Recognizing preparation artifacts1 New
Urine and body fluids, How the kidney handles a filtrate2 New
Urine and body fluids, Connecting urine findings to disease3 New
Urine and body fluids, Working up other body fluids23 New
Urine and body fluids, Describing fluid appearance1 New
Urine and body fluids, Measuring fluid analytes11 New
- Compare CSF glucose with a blood glucose drawn close to the lumbar punctureNew
- Calculate the IgG index from paired CSF and serum IgG and albumin resultsNew
- Distinguish CSF-restricted IgG bands from a matched systemic patternNew
- Classify a pleural effusion as transudate or exudate with Light's criteriaNew
- Calculate and interpret the serum-ascites albumin gradientNew
- Name the interferences that make a rupture-of-membranes test misleadingNew
- Calculate a stool osmotic gap from stool electrolyte resultsNew
- Tell fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) from guaiac testing by what each detectsNew
- Check the fat-controlled diet and timed collection before interpreting fecal fatNew
- Recognize when watery stool falsely lowers a fecal elastase resultNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for CSF glucoseNew
Urine and body fluids, Examining fluid cells and particles9 New
- Calculate a cell concentration from a chamber count and dilutionNew
- Choose manual confirmation when a body-fluid count falls outside the verified rangeNew
- Recognize cytocentrifuge distortion that mimics abnormal cells on a body-fluid slideNew
- Recognize why normal CSF findings cannot exclude a device-associated infectionNew
- Distinguish urate and CPP crystals by shape and compensated polarizationNew
- Name the interferences that make a rupture-of-membranes test misleadingNew
- Decide whether a semen collection is complete and timely enough to analyzeNew
- Calculate total sperm number from concentration and ejaculate volumeNew
- Distinguish sperm immotility from loss of vitalityNew
Urine and body fluids, How body fluids form and function1 New
Urine and body fluids, Connecting fluid findings to disease10 New
- Read a CSF molecular panel against its target list and continue the cultureNew
- Recognize why normal CSF findings cannot exclude a device-associated infectionNew
- Distinguish CSF-restricted IgG bands from a matched systemic patternNew
- Recognize septic arthritis risk despite crystals or an overlapping cell countNew
- Classify a pleural effusion as transudate or exudate with Light's criteriaNew
- Calculate and interpret the serum-ascites albumin gradientNew
- Name the interferences that make a rupture-of-membranes test misleadingNew
- Calculate a stool osmotic gap from stool electrolyte resultsNew
- Check the fat-controlled diet and timed collection before interpreting fecal fatNew
- Recognize when watery stool falsely lowers a fecal elastase resultNew
Clinical chemistry81 New
Clinical chemistry, Carbohydrate, lipid, and heme chemistry16 New
Clinical chemistry, Glucose and other carbohydrates6 New
Clinical chemistry, Carbohydrate metabolism and properties1 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring glucose and glycated proteins2 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading carbohydrate results2 New
Clinical chemistry, Carbohydrate patterns in disease2 New
Clinical chemistry, Lipids and lipoproteins5 New
Clinical chemistry, Lipid transport and properties1 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring lipids and lipoproteins1 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading lipid results3 New
Clinical chemistry, Lipid patterns in disease1 New
Clinical chemistry, Heme pigments and porphyrins5 New
Clinical chemistry, Heme metabolism and pigment properties1 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring heme-related compounds2 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading heme-related results3 New
Clinical chemistry, Heme-related patterns in disease1 New
Clinical chemistry, Enzymes and nitrogen-containing analytes19 New
Clinical chemistry, Clinical enzymes4 New
Clinical chemistry, Enzyme activity and distribution2 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring enzyme activity1 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading enzyme results2 New
Clinical chemistry, Enzyme patterns in disease2 New
Clinical chemistry, Proteins and nonprotein nitrogen15 New
Clinical chemistry, Protein and nitrogen metabolism1 New
Clinical chemistry, Measurement and clearance methods9 New
- Add immunofixation and free light chains to electrophoresis for a suspected M-proteinNew
- Recognize when a creatinine eGFR needs a cystatin C equation or a measured GFRNew
- Calculate fractional sodium excretion using paired concentrationsNew
- Keep an ammonia specimen on ice and centrifuge it cold without delayNew
- Calculate total excretion from concentration and a complete timed collectionNew
- Calculate measured creatinine clearance from timed urine flowNew
- Convert a measured clearance between absolute and BSA-indexed reportingNew
- Check assay limits or use another method for a creatinine on an icteric specimenNew
- Recognize an incomplete or mistimed urine collection before calculationNew
Clinical chemistry, Reading protein and nitrogen results7 New
- Tell a broad polyclonal gamma increase from a narrow monoclonal peak on electrophoresisNew
- Recognize when a creatinine eGFR needs a cystatin C equation or a measured GFRNew
- Tell myocardial injury from infarction by troponin level, rise or fall, and ischemiaNew
- Use a tumor marker only to monitor a known cancer or screen a targeted groupNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for creatinineNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for blood urea nitrogenNew
- Calculate globulin and the albumin/globulin ratioNew
Clinical chemistry, Protein and nitrogen patterns in disease3 New
Clinical chemistry, Acid-base balance and electrolytes32 New
Clinical chemistry, Blood gases and acid-base balance13 New
Clinical chemistry, Buffers and respiratory gas transport2 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring blood gases reliably3 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading acid-base results8 New
- Tell acidemia from acidosis and alkalemia from alkalosisNew
- Identify the primary acid-base process from pH, pCO₂, and bicarbonateNew
- Calculate the Winters expected pCO₂ and compare it with the measured pCO₂New
- Calculate the expected bicarbonate for an acute or chronic respiratory disorderNew
- Recognize a mixed disorder despite a near-normal pHNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial pHNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial pCO₂New
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for arterial bicarbonateNew
Clinical chemistry, Acid-base patterns in disease2 New
Clinical chemistry, Electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements19 New
Clinical chemistry, Electrolyte balance and mineral handling3 New
Clinical chemistry, Measuring electrolytes and minerals5 New
- Decide whether to release or recollect a hemolyzed potassium specimenNew
- Recognize CO₂ escape from an uncapped tube behind a low total CO₂New
- Choose between total and ionized calcium when albumin or pH is abnormalNew
- Choose metal-free tubes, stoppers, and pipette tips for a trace-element specimenNew
- Calculate TIBC from transferrin using the procedure's factor and unitsNew
Clinical chemistry, Calculating osmolality, osmolal gap, and anion gap4 New
Clinical chemistry, Reading electrolyte results9 New
- Use measured osmolality to tell hypotonic hyponatremia from pseudohyponatremiaNew
- Decide whether to release or recollect a hemolyzed potassium specimenNew
- Choose between total and ionized calcium when albumin or pH is abnormalNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for sodiumNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for potassiumNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for chlorideNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for total CO₂New
- Calculate TIBC or UIBC from the other iron-capacity measurementsNew
- Calculate transferrin saturation from serum iron and TIBCNew
Clinical chemistry, Electrolyte patterns in disease4 New
Clinical chemistry, Specialized chemistry workups15 New
Clinical chemistry, Hormones and endocrine investigation7 New
- Locate an endocrine defect in the gland or pituitary from target and regulating hormonesNew
- Classify a TSH and free T₄ pattern after checking dose timing, binding, and interferenceNew
- Confirm draw time, posture, and chilling for cortisol, renin, and ACTH specimensNew
- Read a cortisol result against the limits of its timed draw or dynamic testNew
- Read FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone against the interval for cycle day and ageNew
- Judge whether a PTH fits the calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and kidney resultsNew
- Test a discordant hormone immunoassay by dilution, blocking reagent, or another platformNew
Clinical chemistry, Nutrient status and vitamin measurements2 New
Clinical chemistry, Monitoring therapeutic drug concentrations3 New
Clinical chemistry, Investigating toxic exposures4 New
- Choose metal-free tubes, stoppers, and pipette tips for a trace-element specimenNew
- Tell a presumptive immunoassay drug screen from GC-MS or LC-MS/MS identificationNew
- Predict how osmolal and anion gaps change as a toxic alcohol is metabolizedNew
- Decide whether an acetaminophen level can be plotted on the nomogramNew
Blood cells and hemostasis89 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, How blood cells work4 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Producing blood cells2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Removing aging or damaged cells1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Functions of circulating cells1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Patterns of blood cell disease27 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Red cell disorders10 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Classifying anemia patterns9 New
- Classify an anemia pattern using MCV and RDWNew
- Judge whether the reticulocyte response is adequate for the anemiaNew
- Explain how hepcidin gives low serum iron with normal or high ferritin in inflammationNew
- Recognize microcytosis with a preserved RBC count that needs hemoglobin fractionationNew
- Tell vitamin B12 from folate deficiency with methylmalonic acid and homocysteineNew
- Recognize a raised MCV caused by a high reticulocyte countNew
- Tell immune, fragmentation, and intrinsic hemolysis apart using the DAT and filmNew
- Recognize a vitamin B12 deficiency pattern from the CBC, film, and B12 resultNew
- Recognize iron deficiency on iron studies, including when ferritin is not lowNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Working up erythrocytosis1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, White cell disorders13 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Reactive and other benign changes2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Myeloid malignancy patterns6 New
- Recognize a broad myeloid maturation spectrum in a CML-compatible patternNew
- Identify the genetic finding that establishes CMLNew
- Assign a CML phase from blast and basophil percentages under WHO5 or ICCNew
- Recognize myeloblasts and Auer rods that call for an acute myeloid leukemia workupNew
- Name the cytogenetic and molecular tests needed to classify a suspected AMLNew
- Tell reactive from clonal thrombocytosis using the cause, film, and driver mutationsNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Lymphoid malignancy patterns4 New
- Recognize a small mature lymphocytosis that needs flow cytometry for clonalityNew
- Name the flow cytometry result that separates CLL from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosisNew
- Recognize lymphoblasts that call for an acute lymphoblastic leukemia workupNew
- Name the immunophenotype and genetic tests needed to classify a suspected ALLNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Inherited white cell changes1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Platelet disorders5 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Abnormal platelet numbers3 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Abnormal platelet function2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Measuring and examining blood cells50 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Counting cells12 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Manual chamber counts2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Instrument cell counts4 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Measuring young red cells4 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Recognizing misleading counts2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Classifying cells and describing morphology12 New
- Recognize the usual adult proportions and absolute counts of each white-cell typeNew
- Keep nucleated red cells out of the white-cell differential denominatorNew
- Classify leukocytes from the features visible on a blood filmNew
- Report a CBC and film as compatible with a disorder until confirming tests are doneNew
- Choose a suitable blood-film area and inspect the margins separatelyNew
- Recognize a spherocyte in the monolayer of a blood filmNew
- Recognize the central staining pattern of a target cellNew
- Distinguish echinocyte projections from acanthocyte projectionsNew
- Recognize schistocytes and the percentage that suggests thrombotic microangiopathyNew
- Recognize a Howell-Jolly body as a nuclear remnantNew
- Recognize polychromatophilic cells as young red cells on a Wright-stained filmNew
- Calculate an absolute leukocyte-lineage countNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Hemoglobin investigation3 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Measuring hemoglobin concentration2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Distinguishing hemoglobin variants1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Measuring the packed red cell fraction2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Interpreting red cell indices8 New
- Classify an anemia pattern using MCV and RDWNew
- Calculate MCV using the stated hematocrit and RBC unitsNew
- Calculate MCH using the stated hemoglobin and RBC unitsNew
- Calculate MCHC from hemoglobin and hematocritNew
- Calculate RDW-CV from the standard deviation of red-cell volume and the MCVNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCVNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCHNew
- Recall the ASCP MLS examination range for MCHCNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Recognizing laboratory evidence of hemolysis1 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Applying special cell stains2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Additional red cell and sedimentation studies2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Identifying cell populations by markers3 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Genetic findings in blood cell disease5 New
- Identify the genetic finding that establishes CMLNew
- Name the cytogenetic and molecular tests needed to classify a suspected AMLNew
- Name the immunophenotype and genetic tests needed to classify a suspected ALLNew
- Choose FISH, karyotype, or a molecular test for the change being soughtNew
- Calculate an expected variant allele fraction from the abnormal-cell fractionNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Hemostasis and its laboratory tests16 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and vessel function2 New
Blood cells and hemostasis, Bleeding and thrombosis mechanisms6 New
- Interpret lupus anticoagulant screen, mix, and confirm results from two test systemsNew
- Interpret a Nijmegen-Bethesda titer with the inhibitor type and its kineticsNew
- Sequence HIT immunoassay and functional testing by pretest probabilityNew
- Match an isolated prolonged APTT to factor VIII, IX, XI, or contact-factor deficiencyNew
- Recognize when anticoagulants or acute illness make a thrombophilia result unreliableNew
- Recognize the platelet, PT, D-dimer, and fibrinogen changes that suggest DICNew
Blood cells and hemostasis, Choosing and interpreting hemostasis assays13 New
- Reject a coagulation specimen with the wrong fill, hematocrit, handling, or timingNew
- Read a PT and APTT result pair to choose the next coagulation testNew
- Interpret immediate and incubated mixing-study behaviorNew
- Interpret lupus anticoagulant screen, mix, and confirm results from two test systemsNew
- Choose a one-stage or chromogenic factor assay and check its dilution linearityNew
- Interpret a Nijmegen-Bethesda titer with the inhibitor type and its kineticsNew
- Use thrombin and reptilase times to separate heparin from a fibrinogen defectNew
- Classify a von Willebrand panel from antigen, activity ratio, and factor VIIINew
- Sequence HIT immunoassay and functional testing by pretest probabilityNew
- Match an isolated prolonged APTT to factor VIII, IX, XI, or contact-factor deficiencyNew
- Recognize when anticoagulants or acute illness make a thrombophilia result unreliableNew
- Choose the calibrated assay that measures a stated heparin or direct oral anticoagulantNew
- Match a coagulation measurement principle to its likely interferenceNew
Immune mechanisms and testing54 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, How immune reactions work15 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Immune cells and response patterns5 New
- Assign a cell population's lineage from its full flow cytometry marker patternNew
- Tell innate from adaptive immune cells by their receptors and memoryNew
- Name where lymphocytes develop and where they first meet antigenNew
- Match MHC class I and class II presentation to the CD8 or CD4 T cell they activateNew
- Explain how a secondary antibody response differs from a primary responseNew
Immune mechanisms and testing, Antibody classes and behavior3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Antigen binding in laboratory methods4 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Complement pathways and effects4 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Patterns of immune disease16 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Responses against self6 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Systemic autoimmune patterns3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Organ-focused autoimmune patterns2 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Mechanisms of hypersensitivity3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Abnormal immune cell proliferation2 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Deficient immune protection5 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Inherited immune deficiencies3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Acquired immune deficiencies3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Transplant and tumor immunology5 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Graft immune attack on the recipient1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Determining HLA types3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Immune responses to tumors1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Immune evidence of infection16 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Serologic patterns of viral infection11 New
- Read HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc together to classify hepatitis B statusNew
- Choose RNA follow-up to determine current hepatitis C infectionNew
- Distinguish HDV exposure from current infection in a person with HBVNew
- Call EBV infection recent or past from VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA antibodyNew
- Choose the CMV test for past exposure, current replication, or congenital infectionNew
- Choose lesion PCR or VZV IgG to tell current infection from past immunityNew
- Apply each infection's own IgM and paired-titer timing rules to a serology resultNew
- Choose the next laboratory test in the HIV diagnostic algorithmNew
- Recognize when recent exposure or antiretroviral use limits HIV detectionNew
- Distinguish what an HIV viral load measures from what a CD4 count measuresNew
- Choose virologic testing for an infant with possible perinatal HIV exposureNew
Immune mechanisms and testing, Stage-related syphilis and Lyme findings4 New
- Choose the next test for a reactive treponemal screen with a nonreactive RPRNew
- Call a fourfold RPR or VDRL titer change only between results from one methodNew
- Report a negative CSF VDRL without excluding neurosyphilisNew
- Read Lyme two-tier results, counting an IgM blot only in the first 30 days of illnessNew
Immune mechanisms and testing, Immune evidence of tuberculosis infection1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Serologic test methods10 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Detecting antinuclear antibodies1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Detecting antibodies to thyroid targets1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Measuring rheumatoid factor1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Using a labeled immunoassay2 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Screening with nontreponemal methods3 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Detecting treponemal antibodies1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Measuring cytokine signals1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Reading fluorescent antibody reactions1 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Making sense of immunology results31 New
Immune mechanisms and testing, Interpreting the result pattern16 New
- Interpret paired CH50 and AH50 results to locate a complement defectNew
- Check that a CH50 or AH50 specimen was separated and frozen promptly before accepting itNew
- Compare an acute tryptase with the patient's own baselineNew
- Reject a cryoglobulin specimen that was not kept warm until separationNew
- Tell single-antigen bead HLA antibody results from a donor-cell crossmatchNew
- Read HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc together to classify hepatitis B statusNew
- Distinguish HDV exposure from current infection in a person with HBVNew
- Call EBV infection recent or past from VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA antibodyNew
- Apply each infection's own IgM and paired-titer timing rules to a serology resultNew
- Recognize when recent exposure or antiretroviral use limits HIV detectionNew
- Distinguish what an HIV viral load measures from what a CD4 count measuresNew
- Calculate a CD4-to-CD8 ratio from comparable absolute countsNew
- Call a fourfold RPR or VDRL titer change only between results from one methodNew
- Report a negative CSF VDRL without excluding neurosyphilisNew
- Interpret an IGRA with its controls and limits for active tuberculosisNew
- Read direct and inhibition agglutination using the assay's controlsNew
Immune mechanisms and testing, Choosing a confirmation method13 New
- Interpret paired CH50 and AH50 results to locate a complement defectNew
- Choose the antibody tests that fit a suspected organ-specific diseaseNew
- Choose first tests for a suspected antibody, T-cell, or phagocyte deficiencyNew
- Recognize when low immunoglobulins or lymphocytes need tests for an inherited deficiencyNew
- Send a low TREC newborn screen for lymphocyte subsets and confirmatory testingNew
- Choose RNA follow-up to determine current hepatitis C infectionNew
- Choose the CMV test for past exposure, current replication, or congenital infectionNew
- Choose lesion PCR or VZV IgG to tell current infection from past immunityNew
- Choose the next laboratory test in the HIV diagnostic algorithmNew
- Choose virologic testing for an infant with possible perinatal HIV exposureNew
- Choose the next test for a reactive treponemal screen with a nonreactive RPRNew
- Read Lyme two-tier results, counting an IgM blot only in the first 30 days of illnessNew
- Interpret an ANA pattern and titer without assigning an unmeasured specificityNew
Immune mechanisms and testing, Relating results to disease3 New
Clinical microbiology100 New
Clinical microbiology, Preparing a microbiology investigation15 New
Clinical microbiology, Collecting and transporting specimens5 New
- Choose a collection device compatible with the requested microbiology testNew
- Choose room temperature or refrigeration for a specimen and its requested testNew
- Check each blood-culture set's fill volume and collection siteNew
- Choose the correct sampling site for a catheter urine cultureNew
- Choose stool parasite methods that match the collection and preservativeNew
Clinical microbiology, Processing specimens for examination5 New
- Prioritize a limited or irreplaceable microbiology specimenNew
- Select primary media for the specimen source and suspected organism groupNew
- Choose ambient air, CO₂, or anaerobic incubation for each culture plateNew
- Match mycobacterial decontamination to the specimen and its contamination rateNew
- Extend culture incubation when Nocardia is suspectedNew
Clinical microbiology, Choosing and interpreting organism stains5 New
- Read a direct Gram stain and compare it with the culture growthNew
- Grade an acid-fast smear on the correct scale and report it without a speciesNew
- Distinguish the roles of thick and thin blood films for parasite examinationNew
- Select a targeted stain or NAAT when intestinal coccidia are suspectedNew
- Read a KOH or calcofluor white preparation and state what a negative can missNew
Clinical microbiology, Investigating bacterial infection56 New
Clinical microbiology, Blood and marrow culture workups10 New
- Check each blood-culture set's fill volume and collection siteNew
- Choose the first laboratory actions after a blood-culture bottle signals positiveNew
- Tell a blood-culture contaminant from a pathogen by organism and number of positive setsNew
- Tell S. aureus from S. lugdunensis and other staphylococci in bloodNew
- Tell streptococci from enterococci and their vancomycin-resistant look-alikes in bloodNew
- Recognize a catalase-positive blood rod that needs a Listeria workupNew
- Confirm a gram-negative diplococcus to species before reporting itNew
- Distinguish nonfermenting gram-negative rods from enteric fermentersNew
- Recognize a HACEK or Haemophilus blood isolate that needs special identificationNew
- Read vector-borne infection serology against the week of illness and paired titersNew
Clinical microbiology, CSF infection workups2 New
Clinical microbiology, Cultures from normally sterile fluids1 New
Clinical microbiology, Lower respiratory specimen workups3 New
Clinical microbiology, Upper respiratory specimen workups1 New
Clinical microbiology, Enteric infection workups4 New
- Choose stool media and toxin or NAAT tests for the suspected enteric pathogenNew
- Identify Enterobacterales species from TSI and other biochemical reactionsNew
- Tell Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter from enteric fermenters in stool cultureNew
- Tell C. difficile carriage from toxin production using NAAT and toxin resultsNew
Clinical microbiology, Wound, soft tissue, and bone workups2 New
Clinical microbiology, Genital specimen workups4 New
Clinical microbiology, Urine culture workups3 New
Clinical microbiology, Selecting an identification method12 New
- Tell S. aureus from S. lugdunensis and other staphylococci in bloodNew
- Tell streptococci from enterococci and their vancomycin-resistant look-alikes in bloodNew
- Confirm a gram-negative diplococcus to species before reporting itNew
- Distinguish nonfermenting gram-negative rods from enteric fermentersNew
- Recognize a HACEK or Haemophilus blood isolate that needs special identificationNew
- Identify Enterobacterales species from TSI and other biochemical reactionsNew
- Tell Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter from enteric fermenters in stool cultureNew
- Recall how MALDI-TOF matches a protein spectrum to identify an organismNew
- Select a suitable isolated colony for MALDI-TOF identificationNew
- Tell NAAT target detection from active infection, carriage, or leftover DNANew
- Tell isolates of one strain from isolates that only share a species, using strain typingNew
- Confirm a presumptive yeast identification, such as possible C. auris, before releaseNew
Clinical microbiology, Susceptibility and resistance investigation18 New
Clinical microbiology, Choosing and reading susceptibility methods8 New
- Recognize agar depth, cation, or thymidine errors in an AST setupNew
- Read the minimum inhibitory concentration from a valid dilution seriesNew
- Assign a susceptibility category to an MIC with the organism-drug breakpointNew
- Distinguish broth dilution from agar and gradient-diffusion AST formatsNew
- Read the inhibition-zone diameter for a valid disk-diffusion testNew
- Distinguish growth inhibition from the bactericidal endpointNew
- Check that AST control strains are in range before releasing patient resultsNew
- Select eligible isolates for a cumulative antibiogramNew
Clinical microbiology, Recognizing resistance phenotypes7 New
- Detect methicillin resistance in staphylococci with a cefoxitin screenNew
- Recall the altered penicillin-binding protein encoded by mecANew
- Select a validated vancomycin MIC method for S. aureusNew
- Investigate unexpected reduced vancomycin susceptibility in S. aureusNew
- Choose meningitis or nonmeningitis breakpoints for a pneumococcal MICNew
- Read enterococcal high-level gentamicin and streptomycin screens for synergyNew
- Distinguish ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase resistance patternsNew
Clinical microbiology, How antimicrobial classes act1 New
Clinical microbiology, Detecting resistance genes2 New
Clinical microbiology, Recognizing expected intrinsic resistance1 New
Clinical microbiology, Screening for staphylococcal carriage and resistant organisms1 New
Clinical microbiology, Recognizing organisms requiring specialized containment3 New
Clinical microbiology, Investigating other infectious agents35 New
Clinical microbiology, Mycobacterial and Nocardia workups8 New
- Interpret an IGRA with its controls and limits for active tuberculosisNew
- Grade an acid-fast smear on the correct scale and report it without a speciesNew
- Match mycobacterial decontamination to the specimen and its contamination rateNew
- Distinguish M. tuberculosis complex from nontuberculous mycobacteriaNew
- Pair a TB rifampin-resistance NAAT with growth-based testing for the other drugsNew
- Keep a rapid-grower clarithromycin result pending until the day-14 readNew
- Tell Nocardia from other branching rods with a modified acid-fast stainNew
- Extend culture incubation when Nocardia is suspectedNew
Clinical microbiology, Viral detection workups7 New
- Choose a viral test and specimen for the syndrome and the day of illnessNew
- Decide when a negative rapid influenza antigen needs a molecular testNew
- Read a negative CSF viral NAAT against the day of illness and its target listNew
- Distinguish direct evidence of congenital infection from transferred maternal antibodyNew
- Calculate a serial viral-load change in log₁₀ and compare it with assay variabilityNew
- Distinguish a result detected below quantification from a negative viral resultNew
- Choose NAAT, NS1 antigen, or serology for a returning traveler by day of illnessNew
Clinical microbiology, Parasite detection and identification12 New
- Distinguish the roles of thick and thin blood films for parasite examinationNew
- Recognize malaria species features that need confirmatory identificationNew
- Calculate asexual parasitemia from infected and total red cellsNew
- Calculate parasite density using the measured leukocyte countNew
- Tell Babesia from malaria and blood-film artifactsNew
- Select a specimen and method for a suspected tissue protozoal infectionNew
- Choose stool parasite methods that match the collection and preservativeNew
- Distinguish pathogenic intestinal amebae from morphologic look-alikesNew
- Select a targeted stain or NAAT when intestinal coccidia are suspectedNew
- Differentiate intestinal nematodes using the observed egg or larval stageNew
- Identify Taenia species from segments, scolex, or molecular testingNew
- Match each trematode egg to the specimen it appears in, such as urine or stoolNew
Clinical microbiology, Fungal detection and identification8 New
- Read a KOH or calcofluor white preparation and state what a negative can missNew
- Confirm a presumptive yeast identification, such as possible C. auris, before releaseNew
- Check a negative cryptococcal antigen against India ink, culture, and prozoneNew
- Recognize a mold that may be a dimorphic pathogen and move it into a safety cabinetNew
- Confirm a dermatophyte from skin, hair, or nail by colony and microscopic featuresNew
- Distinguish broad pauciseptate from narrow septate hyphal patternsNew
- Read galactomannan and beta-D-glucan results against the fungi they missNew
- Report a quantitative Pneumocystis PCR without overcalling pneumonia or colonizationNew
Clinical microbiology, Completing the microbiology report8 New
Clinical microbiology, Documenting the work performed1 New
Clinical microbiology, Communicating urgent microbiology findings2 New
Clinical microbiology, Reviewing results before release2 New
Clinical microbiology, Correcting a reported result2 New
Clinical microbiology, Notifying infection prevention and health departments3 New
Laboratory practice and methods96 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Keeping laboratory work reliable35 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Quality across the specimen journey18 New
- Locate an error in the preanalytic, analytic, or postanalytic phaseNew
- Verify patient and specimen identity before testing or giving a resultNew
- Decide whether a clot, short fill, wrong tube, or delay makes a specimen unsuitableNew
- Recognize high potassium with low calcium as a sign of EDTA carryoverNew
- Recognize when fluid from an infusion line has diluted or spiked the specimenNew
- Distinguish collection hemolysis from possible hemolysis in the patientNew
- Distinguish a patient-related interference from a collection problemNew
- Check identity, contamination, and the run behind a failed delta check before releaseNew
- Choose release, repeat, comment, or recollection from the specimen checks and QCNew
- Communicate a critical result with identifiers, units, and confirmed receiptNew
- Call an established critical result before continuing routine workNew
- Correct a reported error, keep both reports, and notify the care teamNew
- Decide whether a urine specimen meets the requested test's requirementsNew
- Predict changes caused by delayed urine examinationNew
- Select a urine collection type suited to the requested measurementNew
- Recognize an incomplete or mistimed urine collection before calculationNew
- Maintain chain of custody for a federal workplace urine specimenNew
- Decide whether a semen collection is complete and timely enough to analyzeNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Using control results13 New
- Report a low result within the method's detection and quantitation limitsNew
- Recognize a shift, trend, or random scatter on a Levey-Jennings chartNew
- Tell a 1-2s warning from a 1-3s rejectionNew
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 1-3s violationNew
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 4-1s violationNew
- Recognize an R-4s violation within one runNew
- Recognize a 10x violation in consecutive same-side controlsNew
- Match a QC shift, trend, or random error to its likely causesNew
- Confirm corrective action before accepting the next QC runNew
- Decide which patient results need review after rejected QCNew
- Calculate a sigma metric with compatible error, bias, and imprecision unitsNew
- Set a new control lot's mean from its crossover runs and its SD from the established CVNew
- Tell method agreement from a high correlation coefficientNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Supporting testing near the patient1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Showing conformance with rules and instructions2 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Meeting external oversight requirements2 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Working safely in the laboratory5 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Routine precautions and safe handling3 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Preventing bloodborne exposure1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Choosing personal protection1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Maintaining safe work habits1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Preparing specimens for shipment1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Using chemical hazard information1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Responding to a laboratory emergency2 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Calculations behind bench work27 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Solution strength and dilution math14 New
- Calculate a dilution factor and specimen fraction from prepared volumesNew
- Calculate the specimen and diluent volumes for a chosen dilutionNew
- Calculate the original concentration from a diluted measurementNew
- Decide whether a diluted reading falls inside the measuring interval before reportingNew
- Calculate the amount of solute in an aliquotNew
- Predict the concentration after withdrawing a well-mixed aliquotNew
- Mix a dilution before transferring the next aliquotNew
- Calculate a cumulative dilution factorNew
- Calculate the destination concentration in a serial dilution stepNew
- Predict how a transfer or diluent volume error changes a serial dilutionNew
- Calculate a percent solution on its stated mass/volume, volume/volume, or mass/mass basisNew
- Calculate the stock volume required for a target solutionNew
- Convert between compatible mass, volume, and amount concentration unitsNew
- Calculate TIBC from transferrin using the procedure's factor and unitsNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Molar and equivalent concentrations3 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Using a calibration curve1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Summarizing results and uncertainty7 New
- Calculate the mean of control measurementsNew
- Calculate standard deviation from stated control limits and state its unitNew
- Calculate coefficient of variation from a mean and standard deviationNew
- State the share of control results expected within 1, 2, and 3 SD of the meanNew
- Calculate a sigma metric with compatible error, bias, and imprecision unitsNew
- Tell method agreement from a high correlation coefficientNew
- Calculate the median of an ordered set of resultsNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Interpreting diagnostic performance measures3 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Choosing and operating laboratory methods31 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Using common bench equipment8 New
- Verify temperature at the working sample positionNew
- Follow the to-contain or to-deliver marking on volumetric equipmentNew
- Choose a pipette type for the volume and for viscous, volatile, or foaming liquidsNew
- Calculate delivered volume from water mass and the stated conversion factorNew
- Choose a vessel and cleaning process that will not alter the analyteNew
- Tell balance readability from repeatability measured with mass standardsNew
- Calculate relative centrifugal force from radius and rotational speedNew
- Choose resistivity, organic-carbon, or plate-count checks for the water an assay needsNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring transmitted and absorbed light6 New
- Trace a photometric fault to the lamp, wavelength selector, cuvette, or detectorNew
- Predict the effect of stray light on a high-absorbance measurementNew
- Calculate a concentration from absorbance with the fitted standard curveNew
- Match an atomic-absorption interference to its mechanismNew
- Distinguish measured blood-gas values from calculated valuesNew
- Convert percent transmittance to absorbanceNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Identifying and measuring analytes by mass1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring dissolved-particle concentration1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Separating analytes in an electric field1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Separating analytes by chromatography1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring electrochemical signals2 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring emitted fluorescence1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring scattered light1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Measuring individual cells in flow2 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Detecting nucleic acid targets6 New
- Choose an extraction method for a DNA, RNA, or cell-free nucleic acid targetNew
- Accept or reject a nucleic-acid extract using A260/A280, integrity, and amplifiabilityNew
- Predict how stringency changes nucleic-acid probe specificityNew
- Choose endpoint, real-time, digital, or RT-PCR for the target and for quantitationNew
- Locate the failed step of a molecular test from where each control is addedNew
- Limit a negative sequencing report to the regions and variant types the assay coversNew
Laboratory practice and methods, Automating microbiology processing1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Operating blood cell analyzers1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Organizing people and laboratory resources1 New
Laboratory practice and methods, Teaching laboratory work1 New
Bench tasks
Check specimen identity and suitability before analysis18 New
- Accept or reject a crossmatch sample by its age and the transfusion and pregnancy historyNew
- Confirm draw time, posture, and chilling for cortisol, renin, and ACTH specimensNew
- Check that a CH50 or AH50 specimen was separated and frozen promptly before accepting itNew
- Reject a cryoglobulin specimen that was not kept warm until separationNew
- Verify patient and specimen identity before testing or giving a resultNew
- Decide whether a clot, short fill, wrong tube, or delay makes a specimen unsuitableNew
- Recognize high potassium with low calcium as a sign of EDTA carryoverNew
- Recognize when fluid from an infusion line has diluted or spiked the specimenNew
- Distinguish collection hemolysis from possible hemolysis in the patientNew
- Distinguish a patient-related interference from a collection problemNew
- Check identity, contamination, and the run behind a failed delta check before releaseNew
- Choose release, repeat, comment, or recollection from the specimen checks and QCNew
- Decide whether a urine specimen meets the requested test's requirementsNew
- Select a urine collection type suited to the requested measurementNew
- Recognize an incomplete or mistimed urine collection before calculationNew
- Maintain chain of custody for a federal workplace urine specimenNew
- Decide whether a semen collection is complete and timely enough to analyzeNew
- Check the fat-controlled diet and timed collection before interpreting fecal fatNew
Review QC before releasing results10 New
- Recognize a shift, trend, or random scatter on a Levey-Jennings chartNew
- Tell a 1-2s warning from a 1-3s rejectionNew
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 1-3s violationNew
- Tell a 2-2s violation from a 4-1s violationNew
- Recognize an R-4s violation within one runNew
- Recognize a 10x violation in consecutive same-side controlsNew
- Match a QC shift, trend, or random error to its likely causesNew
- Confirm corrective action before accepting the next QC runNew
- Decide which patient results need review after rejected QCNew
- Set a new control lot's mean from its crossover runs and its SD from the established CVNew
Prepare a dilution using the required sample and diluent volumes7 New
- Calculate a dilution factor and specimen fraction from prepared volumesNew
- Calculate the specimen and diluent volumes for a chosen dilutionNew
- Calculate the original concentration from a diluted measurementNew
- Mix a dilution before transferring the next aliquotNew
- Calculate a cumulative dilution factorNew
- Calculate the destination concentration in a serial dilution stepNew
- Predict how a transfer or diluent volume error changes a serial dilutionNew
Choose protective equipment for the work at hand1 New
Respond to an exposure, spill, or fire using the local procedure3 New
Communicate a critical result and confirm receipt2 New
Correct a report while preserving the original result record1 New
Check operator, reagent, and control readiness for point-of-care testing2 New
Review a calibration curve before using a measurement method1 New
Perform and document required equipment checks7 New
- Verify temperature at the working sample positionNew
- Follow the to-contain or to-deliver marking on volumetric equipmentNew
- Choose a pipette type for the volume and for viscous, volatile, or foaming liquidsNew
- Calculate delivered volume from water mass and the stated conversion factorNew
- Choose a vessel and cleaning process that will not alter the analyteNew
- Tell balance readability from repeatability measured with mass standardsNew
- Choose resistivity, organic-carbon, or plate-count checks for the water an assay needsNew
Check method precision and agreement against acceptance limits1 New
Review a separation pattern and its method controls4 New
- Tell a broad polyclonal gamma increase from a narrow monoclonal peak on electrophoresisNew
- Add immunofixation and free light chains to electrophoresis for a suspected M-proteinNew
- Predict elution order from how compounds interact with the stationary phaseNew
- Predict protein migration from buffer pH relative to the isoelectric pointNew
Prepare a molecular run with the required controls3 New
Resolve analyzer flags before releasing a blood count2 New
Classify cells and describe morphology in a manual differential4 New
Relate red cell indices and morphology to the anemia workup15 New
- Classify an anemia pattern using MCV and RDWNew
- Judge whether the reticulocyte response is adequate for the anemiaNew
- Explain how hepcidin gives low serum iron with normal or high ferritin in inflammationNew
- Recognize microcytosis with a preserved RBC count that needs hemoglobin fractionationNew
- Recognize hemolysis from haptoglobin, indirect bilirubin, LDH, and reticulocyte resultsNew
- Tell immune, fragmentation, and intrinsic hemolysis apart using the DAT and filmNew
- Recognize a vitamin B12 deficiency pattern from the CBC, film, and B12 resultNew
- Recognize iron deficiency on iron studies, including when ferritin is not lowNew
- Recognize a spherocyte in the monolayer of a blood filmNew
- Recognize the central staining pattern of a target cellNew
- Distinguish echinocyte projections from acanthocyte projectionsNew
- Recognize schistocytes and the percentage that suggests thrombotic microangiopathyNew
- Recognize a Howell-Jolly body as a nuclear remnantNew
- Choose an iron stain to confirm suspected Pappenheimer bodiesNew
- Recognize polychromatophilic cells as young red cells on a Wright-stained filmNew
Review coagulation results and identify the next laboratory check14 New
- Reject a coagulation specimen with the wrong fill, hematocrit, handling, or timingNew
- Read a PT and APTT result pair to choose the next coagulation testNew
- Interpret immediate and incubated mixing-study behaviorNew
- Interpret lupus anticoagulant screen, mix, and confirm results from two test systemsNew
- Choose a one-stage or chromogenic factor assay and check its dilution linearityNew
- Interpret a Nijmegen-Bethesda titer with the inhibitor type and its kineticsNew
- Use thrombin and reptilase times to separate heparin from a fibrinogen defectNew
- Classify a von Willebrand panel from antigen, activity ratio, and factor VIIINew
- Sequence HIT immunoassay and functional testing by pretest probabilityNew
- Match an isolated prolonged APTT to factor VIII, IX, XI, or contact-factor deficiencyNew
- Recognize when anticoagulants or acute illness make a thrombophilia result unreliableNew
- Recognize the platelet, PT, D-dimer, and fibrinogen changes that suggest DICNew
- Choose the calibrated assay that measures a stated heparin or direct oral anticoagulantNew
- Match a coagulation measurement principle to its likely interferenceNew
Recognize abnormal cell findings that need further review13 New
- Recognize reactive neutrophilia from a left shift and toxic changesNew
- Recognize a heterogeneous reactive lymphocyte populationNew
- Report a CBC and film as compatible with a disorder until confirming tests are doneNew
- Recognize a broad myeloid maturation spectrum in a CML-compatible patternNew
- Identify the genetic finding that establishes CMLNew
- Assign a CML phase from blast and basophil percentages under WHO5 or ICCNew
- Recognize myeloblasts and Auer rods that call for an acute myeloid leukemia workupNew
- Name the cytogenetic and molecular tests needed to classify a suspected AMLNew
- Recognize a small mature lymphocytosis that needs flow cytometry for clonalityNew
- Name the flow cytometry result that separates CLL from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosisNew
- Recognize lymphoblasts that call for an acute lymphoblastic leukemia workupNew
- Name the immunophenotype and genetic tests needed to classify a suspected ALLNew
- Match an MPO, Sudan black B, or esterase pattern to blast lineageNew
Assess specimen interference before reporting a chemistry result9 New
- Choose prompt separation, an ice slurry, or an inhibitor tube to stop glucose lossNew
- Check light protection and interference before releasing a bilirubin resultNew
- Keep an ammonia specimen on ice and centrifuge it cold without delayNew
- Decide whether to release or recollect a hemolyzed potassium specimenNew
- Recognize CO₂ escape from an uncapped tube behind a low total CO₂New
- Check a raised lactate for processing delay, glycolate interference, and nonhypoxic causesNew
- Choose metal-free tubes, stoppers, and pipette tips for a trace-element specimenNew
- Check assay limits or use another method for a creatinine on an icteric specimenNew
- Test a discordant hormone immunoassay by dilution, blocking reagent, or another platformNew
Check the dilution factor and reportable range of a diluted chemistry result1 New
Interpret a blood gas result with its specimen conditions8 New
- Identify the primary acid-base process from pH, pCO₂, and bicarbonateNew
- Calculate the Winters expected pCO₂ and compare it with the measured pCO₂New
- Calculate the expected bicarbonate for an acute or chronic respiratory disorderNew
- Recognize a mixed disorder despite a near-normal pHNew
- Confirm arterial or venous source and inspired oxygen before interpreting a blood gasNew
- Predict how room-air exposure changes a blood-gas specimenNew
- Recognize how excess liquid heparin dilutes a blood-gas specimenNew
- Calculate oxygen content using hemoglobin concentration and the stated saturationNew
Review electrolyte results and related calculations for consistency12 New
- Calculate an osmolal gap using the stated formula and unitsNew
- Use measured osmolality to tell hypotonic hyponatremia from pseudohyponatremiaNew
- Distinguish potassium redistribution from a change in total-body storesNew
- Choose between total and ionized calcium when albumin or pH is abnormalNew
- Check magnesium when hypokalemia does not correctNew
- Tell a phosphate shift into cells from renal or dietary phosphate lossNew
- Calculate an anion gap using the stated potassium conventionNew
- Correct an anion gap for albumin under the stated conventionNew
- Calculate a delta ratio using compatible gap and bicarbonate baselinesNew
- Judge whether a PTH fits the calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and kidney resultsNew
- Choose an osmometry principle that detects volatile solutesNew
- Explain why an indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) can show pseudohyponatremiaNew
Check collection timing before interpreting a therapeutic drug result2 New
Read urine chemistry and perform the indicated confirmation5 New
- Perform urine reagent strip testing with the specified read times and quality checksNew
- Recognize the protein pad's albumin selectivity and its limits for nonalbumin proteinNew
- Choose a quantitative albumin-to-creatinine ratio to follow up a urine albumin screenNew
- Tell which sugars the glucose oxidase pad detects and which need copper reductionNew
- Check light, delay, and interferents before reporting urine bilirubin or urobilinogenNew
Identify and report cells, casts, crystals, and other urine sediment findings12 New
- Select an optical method for faint structures in unstained urineNew
- Recognize urinary acanthocytes and their glomerular associationNew
- Recognize renal tubular cells and report them as a sign of tubular injuryNew
- Recognize an oval fat body and confirm its lipid by polarization or fat stainNew
- Distinguish yeast from red cells using budding and related featuresNew
- Distinguish a true cast matrix from a free aggregate of cellsNew
- Interpret an RBC cast as evidence of bleeding within the nephronNew
- Distinguish the renal evidence of a WBC cast from free urinary leukocytesNew
- Tell a few physiologic hyaline casts from the increased numbers seen in renal diseaseNew
- Recognize colorless hexagonal crystals that need a cystine confirmation testNew
- Identify common urine crystals by shape, urine pH, color, and birefringenceNew
- Distinguish contaminants and pseudocasts from true urine sedimentNew
Reconcile urine appearance, chemistry, and microscopy findings7 New
- Predict changes caused by delayed urine examinationNew
- Confirm a urine color or clarity finding with the reagent strip and microscopyNew
- Explain a discrepancy between refractometric and strip specific gravityNew
- Compare a positive urine blood pad with the red cells seen on microscopyNew
- Recognize infections that a negative nitrite or leukocyte esterase pad can missNew
- Read many squamous cells as a sign of a poorly collected urine specimenNew
- Place renal injury in glomerulus or tubule from protein, heme, cells, and casts togetherNew
Coordinate cell examination and chemistry for a body fluid specimen15 New
- Choose manual confirmation when a body-fluid count falls outside the verified rangeNew
- Recognize cytocentrifuge distortion that mimics abnormal cells on a body-fluid slideNew
- Name the abnormal findings that a clear, colorless CSF can still containNew
- Recognize why normal CSF findings cannot exclude a device-associated infectionNew
- Compare CSF glucose with a blood glucose drawn close to the lumbar punctureNew
- Calculate the IgG index from paired CSF and serum IgG and albumin resultsNew
- Distinguish CSF-restricted IgG bands from a matched systemic patternNew
- Distinguish urate and CPP crystals by shape and compensated polarizationNew
- Recognize septic arthritis risk despite crystals or an overlapping cell countNew
- Classify a pleural effusion as transudate or exudate with Light's criteriaNew
- Calculate and interpret the serum-ascites albumin gradientNew
- Calculate total sperm number from concentration and ejaculate volumeNew
- Distinguish sperm immotility from loss of vitalityNew
- Calculate a stool osmotic gap from stool electrolyte resultsNew
- Recognize when watery stool falsely lowers a fecal elastase resultNew
Review immunoassay controls and recognize an unreliable run4 New
Interpret an autoantibody pattern with its confirmation results5 New
- Match systemic autoantibodies such as ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-Sm to their diseasesNew
- Choose the antibody tests that fit a suspected organ-specific diseaseNew
- Interpret an ANA pattern and titer without assigning an unmeasured specificityNew
- Tell thyroid antibody results from thyroid function, and TRAb binding from stimulationNew
- Tell a nonspecific rheumatoid factor result from a more specific anti-CCP resultNew
Follow the laboratory algorithm for discordant syphilis results2 New
Relate viral serology findings to the stage of infection9 New
- Read HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc together to classify hepatitis B statusNew
- Choose RNA follow-up to determine current hepatitis C infectionNew
- Distinguish HDV exposure from current infection in a person with HBVNew
- Call EBV infection recent or past from VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA antibodyNew
- Choose the CMV test for past exposure, current replication, or congenital infectionNew
- Choose lesion PCR or VZV IgG to tell current infection from past immunityNew
- Apply each infection's own IgM and paired-titer timing rules to a serology resultNew
- Choose the next laboratory test in the HIV diagnostic algorithmNew
- Recognize when recent exposure or antiretroviral use limits HIV detectionNew
Resolve a blood group discrepancy before selecting compatible components6 New
- Predict red-cell A and B antigens from H substance and the inherited transferaseNew
- Use reverse grouping, lectin tests, and history to explain a weak ABO forward reactionNew
- Recognize the Bombay phenotype and choose Bombay red cells for its anti-HNew
- Choose the follow-up for a weak or discrepant D typing resultNew
- Assign an adult ABO group from concordant forward and reverse resultsNew
- Choose the next check for a discrepant ABO reaction patternNew
Use the antibody workup to select suitable donor units16 New
- Judge whether a non-ABO antibody is significant from its thermal range and reactive phaseNew
- Predict how method, enhancement medium, and cell concentration change a reaction gradeNew
- Judge cold-antibody significance from thermal amplitude and hemolysisNew
- Exclude underlying alloantibodies and select antigen-matched units for a warm autoantibodyNew
- Name the antibodies a negative screen can miss and the checks that still applyNew
- Use antigen-positive nonreactive cells for valid antibody exclusionsNew
- Tell an autoantibody from a new alloantibody by the autocontrol, DAT, and eluateNew
- Select red cells using current and historical significant antibodiesNew
- Estimate how many units to screen from antigen-negative donor frequenciesNew
- Read an enzyme-treated panel beside the untreated panelNew
- Choose autologous or allogeneic adsorption from the recent transfusion historyNew
- Interpret an eluate against its last-wash controlNew
- Read DTT-treated test results knowing which antigens DTT destroysNew
- Choose molecular follow-up when serologic phenotyping is unreliableNew
- Read column and solid-phase results using platform-specific endpointsNew
- Explain why group O reagent cells are used for unexpected-antibody screeningNew
Check component identity, storage, and suitability before issue12 New
- Verify donor testing and traceability before releasing a componentNew
- Store and transport each component at its labeled temperature and agitationNew
- Determine component expiration after processing or system entryNew
- Calculate red-cell processing recovery from volume and hematocritNew
- Choose red-cell and plasma groups after a major or minor ABO-mismatched transplantNew
- Choose an immediate-spin or antiglobulin crossmatch from the patient's antibody historyNew
- Determine eligibility for the validated electronic-crossmatch pathwayNew
- Verify a component at issue and state any testing still incompleteNew
- Choose the next investigation for repeated poor platelet incrementsNew
- Match cryoprecipitate, plasma, or another component to the factors that need replacingNew
- Select plasma without donor antibodies against the recipient's red cellsNew
- Choose leukoreduction, irradiation, or washing for the risk each one reducesNew
Perform and document the laboratory workup of a transfusion reaction6 New
- Tell drug-induced immune hemolysis from a delayed hemolytic reaction after transfusionNew
- Perform the laboratory checks for a suspected transfusion reactionNew
- Tell TRALI from circulatory overload by blood pressure, BNP, and fluid balanceNew
- Distinguish delayed serologic change from delayed hemolytic injuryNew
- Investigate suspected bacterial contamination of a transfused componentNew
- Trace implicated components after a transfusion-transmitted infection reportNew
Perform a direct antiglobulin workup and interpret its controls3 New
Select specimen preparation, media, and incubation for a culture9 New
- Prioritize a limited or irreplaceable microbiology specimenNew
- Select primary media for the specimen source and suspected organism groupNew
- Choose ambient air, CO₂, or anaerobic incubation for each culture plateNew
- Process CSF for culture at once and keep it at room temperatureNew
- Split a sterile body fluid between culture bottles, a Gram stain, and platesNew
- Select tests for Legionella, Mycoplasma, and other agents routine culture missesNew
- Choose stool media and toxin or NAAT tests for the suspected enteric pathogenNew
- Select a wound specimen that represents the infected tissueNew
- Extend culture incubation when Nocardia is suspectedNew
Read an organism stain and communicate a significant preliminary finding5 New
- Read a direct Gram stain and compare it with the culture growthNew
- Choose the first laboratory actions after a blood-culture bottle signals positiveNew
- Grade an acid-fast smear on the correct scale and report it without a speciesNew
- Recognize malaria species features that need confirmatory identificationNew
- Read a KOH or calcofluor white preparation and state what a negative can missNew
Reconcile organism identification with specimen source and observed growth6 New
- Recognize when an automated identification or susceptibility result needs confirmationNew
- Select a suitable isolated colony for MALDI-TOF identificationNew
- Stop routine identification and contain a suspected select agentNew
- Run sentinel rule-out tests for B. anthracis, Brucella, and F. tularensisNew
- Report and refer an isolate that cannot be ruled out as a select agentNew
- Recognize a mold that may be a dimorphic pathogen and move it into a safety cabinetNew
Review susceptibility results for method validity and expected resistance7 New
- Read the inhibition-zone diameter for a valid disk-diffusion testNew
- Check that AST control strains are in range before releasing patient resultsNew
- Select eligible isolates for a cumulative antibiogramNew
- Select a validated vancomycin MIC method for S. aureusNew
- Investigate unexpected reduced vancomycin susceptibility in S. aureusNew
- Pair a TB rifampin-resistance NAAT with growth-based testing for the other drugsNew
- Keep a rapid-grower clarithromycin result pending until the day-14 readNew
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